The Church of Smyrna - Japanese

April 3, 2025

スミルナ――『没薬』より:『埋葬のための油注ぎ』――第 2・3 世紀

 スミルナの都市

スミルナ(現代のイズミル)は「ト・アガルマ・テス・アシアス――アジアの喜び」とし て知られていた宝石のように美しい場所でした。スミルナは当時も今も深い海に接する港 街であり、35 マイル(約 5.6 キロメートル)南にあるエペソとは激しいライバル関係にあ りました。紀元前 600 年頃にその町は地震によって破壊され、紀元前 4 世紀まで再建され る事はありませんでした。10 万人の人口を抱え、海の傍にはキュベレーの神殿を持ち、さ らにはアポロや、アスクレーピオス、アフロディーテー、またゼウスに捧げられた目を見 張るような神殿がありました。この都市は、発展した科学とぶどう酒の貿易で繁栄し、ラ オデキヤのように薬でも有名でした。

『また、スミルナにある教会の御使いに書き送れ。 初めであり、終わりである方、死んで、また生きた方が言われる。

「わたしは、あなたの苦しみと貧しさとを知っている。――しかしあなたは実際は 富んでいる――またユダヤ人だと自称しているが、実はそうでなく、かえってサタ ンの会衆である人たちから、ののしられていることも知っている。あなたが受けよ うとしている苦しみを恐れてはいけない。見よ。悪魔はあなたがたをためすために

、あなたがたのうちのある人たちを牢に投げ入れようとしている。あなたがたは十

日の間苦しみを受ける。死に至るまで忠実でありなさい。そうすれば、わたしはあ

なたにいのちの冠を与えよう。

耳のある者は御霊が諸教会に言われることを聞きなさい。勝利を得る者は、決して 第二の死によってそこなわれることはない。」』』(黙示録 2 章 8 節-11 節)

注目すべき事柄は、スミルナという名前がギリシア語の『没薬』を意味する言葉から取 られたことです。没薬は基本的に埋葬の時、死者の体に塗るために使われていました。ヨ ハネ 19 章 39 節では、ニコデモがイエスの体に塗るための没薬を持ってきたとあります。 雅歌の中で没薬は、花婿が没薬の山に上ると描かれている箇所でそれとなく触れられてい ます。

『そよ風が吹き始め、影が消え去るころまでに、 私は没薬の山、乳香の丘に行こう。』(雅歌 4 章 6 節)

乳香とはいけにえをささげる時に焚かれたもので、その山は当然のことながら、イエス が処刑されたカルバリの山を指し示しています。

スミルナは、おおよそ使徒の活躍した後の 2・3 世紀、つまりニケア公会議以前の時代か ら、コンスタンティヌス帝(紀元 321 年)やニケア公会議(紀元 325 年)までの時代と関 連しています。

イエスは黙示録 1 章のご自身の描写の中から、それぞれの教会が思い出すべきひとつの 側面を教会に念押ししました。スミルナはイエスが死に、そしてその死からよみがえった ことを思い起こす必要がありました。迫害は終わりではありません。その後に永遠のいの ちがあるのです。

「わたしは、あなたの苦しみを知っている」すべての教会と同じように、イエスは悪い ことを扱う前にまず何が正しいかを示します。スミルナは(フィラデルフィアと同じよう に)イエスが何の悪い点も見出さなかった教会です。その理由は、その教会が迫害を受け ていたからでした。文字通りにひどく迫害されながらも、信仰を保っている教会を批判す るのは非常に難しいことです。

ロンドンのソーホー(Soho)という町はフランスから来たユグノーと呼ばれる人たちが定 住した町です。ユグノーとは聖書を信じるクリスチャンで、ローマ・カトリック教会の手 によって激しく迫害された人たちです。「聖バーソロミューの日(8 月 24 日)」に人々は聖

バーソロミューの虐殺を思い起こします。当時のローマの権威者たちは、彼ら(ユグノー

達)に平和と安全とを約束し、公の会合を開くために招きました。しかしユグノー達が現 れた時、ローマの聖職者たちは彼らを処刑したのです。それは虐殺でした。このような迫 害のためにユグノーの生存者たちはイギリスへ移り住みました。ある者は北アイルランド に行き、帽子や織物、レースなどの貿易を始めました。他の者たちはホワイトチャペル周 辺のロンドンの東の端に定住しました。

結果としてソーホーは言うならばイギリスの「バイブル・ベルト(聖書の影響が強い地 域)」となりました。そこには当時おそらく世界のどこよりも多くのクリスチャンが密集し ていたでしょう。彼らは毎日祈祷会を開き、聖書研究を行っていました。そしてユグノー たちは家から家へと回っていました。しかし今日ソーホーはロンドンの売春街となってい ます。かつては主が崇められ、みことばが学ばれ、福音が宣べ伝えられ、クリスチャンた ちが日ごとに祈りや礼拝のために集まっていた場所が、ポルノと売春の巣窟となったので す。物事が逸れていくのに長い時間はかかりませんでした。そしてこのようなことこそが 今日の西洋世界で私たちが目にしていることなのです。

 未来の歴史的・預言的な対型

サタンがスミルナの教会を地域的な迫害によって『十日の間』苦しめたことは、一般的 にキリスト教に敵対的だった一連の皇帝たちによる大きな迫害の 10 の期間を指すと言われ ています。皇帝たちはしばしばユダヤ人に対して反ユダヤ主義的な傾向を持っていました

。これは蛇と女の間に敵意を置くと書かれている創世記 3 章 15 節の預言と関連しています

。帝政ローマから教皇制によるローマ、また異端審問、鉄のカーテンの時代のソビエト主 義、また現代の原理主義イスラムに至るまで、アブラハム、イサク、ヤコブの神学的子孫 に敵対する者は、ヘブル人族長たちの人類学的子孫にも敵対します。真実の教会と、イス ラエルの両方が神の契約の民であり、預言的な神の救いの計画がその民にかかっています

。それゆえ、真実の教会とユダヤ人はこれまで、繰り返し同じ迫害者の標的となってきた のです。

ユダヤ人の絶滅にやっきになっているサタンの霊は、真実の教会をも絶滅しようと精を 出しています。ローマから始まり、教会に敵対した国々の大部分がどれもユダヤ人に対し ても敵対しました。ティトスが行った紀元 70 年のユダヤ人に対するエルサレムでの衝撃的 な出来事は、教会を迫害したネロによって受け継がれました。同じような傾向がクラウデ ィオス帝の治世にも顕著でした。二世紀に入ると、使徒の後の教会が始まりました。時を 同じくして、シメオン・バル・コクバに率いられたユダヤ人第二の反乱により、ユダヤ人 はエルサレムから除き去られ、聖書のイスラエルの地からのディアスポラ(離散)へと至

りました。ディアスポラはハドリアヌス帝の治世に勢いを増しました。その事と同時に、

それに続く一連の気の狂ったような皇帝たちによる教会への多くの恐ろしい迫害が起こり ました。その皇帝たちすべてが多神教を信じる異教徒であり、大半の者がバイセクシャル

(両性愛者)でした。

ローマ皇帝たちが自ら招いた道徳的退廃のために、それまでキリスト教徒に突き付けられ た故無き訴えがユダヤ人にも突き付けられ、すべてのことに関して彼らが責められていた ことは驚くべきことです。この種の非難はキリスト教徒の虐殺を正当化するために使われ

、コンスタンティヌス帝がローマ帝国を外見上だけキリスト教化した時に終わりましたが

、ユダヤ人に対しては継続されました。それはただ帝政ローマの権力によって実行されな くなっただけであり、教皇制ローマの教皇権によって継続されました。教皇制ローマの教 皇権は、いわゆる神聖ローマ帝国の下にその放蕩を続けました。この過程はネロとティト スによって初歩的な面を見せていましたが、スミルナの教会の性質をもって表される 2 世

紀から 4 世紀の時代にはっきりとした様相を呈しました。スミルナのクリスチャンが現地 で直面していたものは、2 百年間、ローマ帝国の中にあった教会を襲ったことの前触れで あり、縮図であったのです。

ドミティアヌス、マルクス・アウレリウス、セプティマス・セベリトゥス、カリグラ、 デキウス、ディオクレティアヌスらは、集中して迫害が行われた 10 の主要な期間を指揮し た皇帝たちです。異教ローマのポンティフよりも、教皇制ローマのポンティフ(教皇)た ちの方がより多くのキリスト教徒とユダヤ人を殺すことのできる鋳型を形成しました。実 際、私たちがすでに見てきたように、真実の教会はポンティフのパンテオン(古代ローマ の神殿)の外に置かれるレリギオ・イリシタ(違法な宗教)となりました。再び現代世界 において、私たちは同じことをヨハネ・パウロ 2 世(本名カロル・ボイティワ)とベネデ

ィクト 16 世(本名ジョセフ・ラッツィンガー)の教皇権において目撃しています。どちら

も自分達がいかなる全ての信仰とローマ・カトリック(彼らが主張する使徒ペテロの正当 なるキリスト教)との間の『橋渡し』だと自称しており、新生した、聖書的な福音主義を 非難しています。このような人たちはペテロの後継者ではなく、本来のポンティフの後継 者、帝政ローマの反キリスト的皇帝たちの後継者なのです。

 神に背くことは政治的、道徳的退廃へとつながる

私たちが目にしている西洋民主主義国家での、政治的また経済的、社会的退廃が、西洋 の道徳的、霊的退廃の反映であることは疑う余地がありません。イギリスの国会の外壁に はラテン語で、「パテル・ノステル・クイ・エス・カエリス――天におられる我々の父」と 掲げられています。最近のテレビで発表された統計によると、現代、国会議員の大半が全

く何の宗教も信仰していません。その中で多数派なのが名ばかりの英国国教会員たちです

。その次に来るのが多くの無神論者や不可知論者たちで、次にイスラム教徒、仏教徒、ヒ ンドゥー教徒、ユダヤ教徒(救われていないユダヤ人たち。昔のディズレーリ首相はユダ ヤ人クリスチャンでした)、カトリック教徒などが続きます。これらの人々が、イギリス で実行されていたエラストゥスの教会システムを採用した政府のもとで、投票により司教 たちを任命しています(エラストゥス 1524-1583 ハイデルベルクの医者で、教会の権威 が世俗の政府を従わせるべきだと教えた人物)。このイギリス国会の中で神の存在さえも 信じていない幾人かの者たちが、英国国教会の聖職者を任命しているのです!

 誰にも惑わされないように

エバはイスラエルの象徴、また教会の象徴であり、彼女は蛇によって惑わされました。 聖書中で蛇は欺きを表しており、一方、竜は迫害を表しています。スミルナでは蛇と竜が 同時に教会を攻撃していました。

マタイ 7 章 15 節や使徒 19 章、第二ペテロ 2 章はすべて偽預言者や偽教師について警告 しています。初代教会は外側にいた偽預言者からだけではなく、内側の者からも挑戦を受 けており、そちらのほうがはるかに破壊的でした。初代教会では当時アリウス主義者たち がいました。アリウス主義者とはアリウス(紀元 250-336)から名前を取られた者たちで

、イエスが創造された存在であるとし、イエスの神性を否定しました。今日それはエホバ の証人として再び現れています。「日の下に何も新しいものはない」――逆にその反対の主 義も存在し、『イエスだけ』が神であると信じ、御父をないがしろにする人たちもいます

現在カンタベリー大主教のローワン・ウィリアムズ(Rowan Williams)は、ドルイド教

(ケルト人社会における宗教)の式典に参加することに何の抵抗も感じない人物で、複数 の信仰を受け入れるリベラルです。彼は明らかに同性婚の許可や、同性愛者の任職に精を 出しています。ウィリアムズ大主教は、あのブレア政権(国会の民主主義的権威の多くを ブリュッセルの選挙によらないヨーロッパ政治へと手放した政権)によって任命されまし た。彼らはイギリスの経済的先行きとイギリスポンドを、選挙で選ばれた政府とイギリス 銀行の手から取り上げて、実質的にドイツ連邦銀行の後継である、フランクフルトの欧州 中央銀行の手に置きたがっています(訳注…ユーロ圏に入り通貨を統合し、EU とイギリス 経済を一体化しようとする試み)。イギリス女王は自身の持つ『国王の裁可(国王が持つ 法を発効させる権利)』を一体どのように 1972 年の欧州共同体議員立法(European Communities Act 1972)に与えてしまったでしょうか。女王はその決定によって自身の主 権、すべての統治者が守ると誓うものを明け渡してしまいました。

最近、BBC の国会記者は個人的な意見を表明しました。彼の立場は、国会民主主義制度

がヨーロッパの官僚主義に変換されたことで、ヨーロッパが今まであった民主主義の原則 から実質的に離れたと語っていました。非選出者たちからなる委員会は提案を作り、ただ ヨーロッパの国会へ助言を求めるだけになっています。国会はただの諮問機関(参考意見 を聞くだけの団体)となっているのです。

過ちや、失敗、問題があったとしても、ピューリタンたちが民主主義の伝統を設立する のに大きな役割を果たしたことは忘れてはならないことです。現代まで受け継がれた民主 主義の制度は、宗教的自由や良心の自由、信心の自由、また福音宣教の自由の出現と密接 に関連していました。ピューリタンと彼らの先駆者たちはローマ教会と英国国教会双方の 手によって非常に苦しめられました。彼らは今ある民主主義の伝統を聖書の価値観によっ て設立したのです。聖書的なユダヤ・キリスト教の道徳的原則から逸れてしまうとき、そ れらの原則の上に建てられている制度はひび割れ、それと共に消滅してしまいます。これ が今基本的に起きていることです。物事が良い状態から悪い状態へ、悪い状態から最悪の 状態へ変わるのに大した時間は必要ではありません。

ソビエト連合や、チェコスロバキア、ユーゴスラビアなどの東ヨーロッパの連邦国家は 崩壊し、選挙によらずに選ばれた中央集権的な社会主義エリートによって国々は支配され なくなりました。その一方で、西ヨーロッパは連邦国家に破滅を招いたその中央集権化さ れすぎた体制に傾こうとしています。現在の政府はイギリスをまさにこの方向へと推し進 めようとしているのです。聖書的なキリスト教から離れると、聖書的キリスト教がその形 成に貢献した議会民主主義から離れてしまうのです。

ローワン・ウィリアムズ大主教はドルイド教の祭典に参加し、ウェールズの神話の中で ドラゴンとして表されるケルト人の神の子の名前を儀式的な名前として受け取りました。 今日では黙示録が反キリストを竜と象徴していることは何の興味も引かないようです。そ れゆえ、彼が黙示録を『さまよう文章』と呼んだことが 2002 年 1 月 6 日のデイリーテレグ ラフ紙に引用されたのは何も不思議ではありません

「安っぽい紙に文字がびっしりと書かれ、次から次へと偏執的な妄想と 悪意で満ちている。それは聖職者がよく受け取る悲惨で、精神不安定な 者の手紙のようだ」

カンタベリー大主教にとって、イエスさまによって与えられたヨハネの黙示録は神の聖 なる言葉でもなければ、「偏執的な妄想と悪意で満ちている」ものなのです!

 迫害への備え

イエスはスミルナの教会に、差し迫った迫害について警告されました。

『まことに、神である主は、そのはかりごとを、ご自分のしもべ、預言者たちに示 さないでは、何事もなさらない。』(アモス 3 章 7 節)

多くの国の歴史を通して、真実に新生したクリスチャンたちは当たり前に享受できるべ きもののために迫害されました。これが東ヨーロッパやローマ・カトリック教国、イスラ ム教国、社会主義国家などでの現実でした。現代、私たちが当たり前に受けている自由が 存在する理由は、16 世紀や 17 世紀の聖書を信じるクリスチャンの血によってそれが勝ち 取られたからです。しかしいったん人が聖書の真実に背を向け、主とその戒めから離れる やいなや個人の自由はそれと共に無くなってしまいます。そしてそのことが今起ころうと しているのです。イエスさまが現代西洋世界の教会に迫害に備えるよう呼びかけているこ とには疑う余地がありません。それはスミルナの教会に警告を与えたことと同じなのです

初代の信者たちの信仰はヘブル人への手紙に見出せます

『…またほかの人たちは、さらにすぐれたよみがえりを得るために、釈放されるこ とを願わないで拷問を受けました。』(ヘブル 11 章 35 節)

初代信者たちは、この人生とこの世で繁栄するためにイエスさまが死なれたと考えてい ませんでした。彼らは来るべき御国で自分たちが繁栄するためにイエスさまが死なれたと 考えていたのです。

『また、ほかの人たちは、あざけられ、むちで打たれ、さらに鎖につながれ、牢に 入れられるめに会い、また、石で打たれ、試みを受け、のこぎりで引かれ、剣で切 り殺され、羊ややぎの皮を着て歩き回り、』(ヘブル 11 章 36 節-37 節)

メルセデス・ベンツやキャデラックに乗って移動したわけではありません

『乏しくなり、悩まされ、苦しめられ、――この世は彼らにふさわしい所ではあり ませんでした――』(ヘブル 11 章 37 節-38 節)

今日有名で、繁栄した説教者の多くがしているように、五つ星ホテルに泊まるなんてこ

とはありえなかったことでしょう!

『荒野と山とほら穴と地の穴とをさまよいました。この人々はみな、その信仰によ ってあかしされました…』(ヘブル 11 章 38 節-39 節)

これが初代教会の信仰でした。彼らはイエスがこの世でのリッチな生活を送らせるため に死なれたとは考えませんでした。イエスが死なれたのはもっと良い世界で、遥かに素晴 らしい生活を与えるためなのです。

 『神の国は今』神学

そのような偽りの教理を信じることは「支配主義神学」であり、または「神の国は今」 神学とも呼ばれます。これは現代のカリスマ派やペンテコステ派の大半で非常に多くなっ てきています。基本的にそれはイエスが戻って来る前に教会がイエスのために全世界を征 服し、イエスのために御国を設立するという考えです。教会が今、その神の国だと主張し ます!それはまた「実現された終末論(over-realized eschatology)」とも呼ばれます。こ れは大きなムーブメントで、現代のイギリスやアメリカの多くの主要な福音派指導者によ り暗黙的に承認されています。よくある表現の中では、それは後の雨/神の子らの現れと いう異端的な要素とひとつになっています。それは 1940 年代のペンテコステ主義の主流に よって批判されていたもので、超カルヴァン主義的な再建主義と一緒になっています。そ の超カリスマ派の支持者たちの中にはアメリカ人で反イスラエルの説教者リック・ゴドウ ィン(サンアントニオにあるイーグルズ・ネストチャーチで、あからさまになった金銭ス キャンダルの件で有名)がおり、一方、改革派再建主義者たちはローザス・ラシュドゥー ニー(Rousas J. Rushdoony)やギャリー・ノース(Gary North)、デイビッド・チルトン

(David Chilton)などさまざまな神権主義者たちを引き込んでいます。

この種の非聖書的な教理はとても嘆かわしいもので、全く間違っており、キリストの体 にとって潜在的に非常に危険なものです。そして突き詰めれば聖書的ではなく、ただの希 望的観測です。イエスご自身が次のように明らかにされました

『人の子の日に起こることは、ちょうど、ノアの日に起こったことと同様です。ノ アが箱舟に入るその日まで、人々は、食べたり、飲んだり、めとったり、とついだ りしていたが、洪水が来て、すべての人を滅ぼしてしまいました。

また、ロトの時代にあったことと同様です。人々は食べたり、飲んだり、売ったり

、買ったり、植えたり、建てたりしていたが、ロトがソドムから出て行くと、その

日に、火と硫黄が天から降って、すべての人を滅ぼしてしまいました。 人の子の現われる日にも、全くそのとおりです。』(ルカ 17 章 26 節-30 節)

 パックス・ロマーナと国際化の中でのスミルナの生活

貧しい国での人々への搾取など植民地主義には否定的な面がありますが、肯定的な面も あります。たとえばより最近の『パックス・ブリタニカ(イギリスによってもたらされた 平和)』ではイギリスははるかに危険な帝国を寄せ付けませんでした。東にはロシア、西に はフランスやスペインなどローマ・カトリック帝国が存在しました。イスラエルではイギ リス政府がバルフォア宣言を破棄し、ユダヤ人を約束された地に帰さず強制収容所で滅ぼ されるままにしたことなど、イギリス政府が行った悪事をみなが知っています。しかし現 代のイスラエルには道路設備、ハイファ港、空港などが存在します。その国の大半の社会 基盤はイギリスによって建設されたものなのです。

世界には人々が植民地主義をただ純粋に求めていた場所があります。ジブラルタルの人 々にスペイン人になるべきだとか、フォークランド諸島の人々にアルゼンチン人になるよ うに、また香港の人々に中国人になるように言ってみたらどうなるでしょう。彼らはむし ろイギリス人になることを望みます。それはコインの裏表です。またアジアやアフリカの 多くの国々でイギリスが去った後に何が起こったかを見てみてください。

これは搾取的な植民地主義や帝国主義を擁護しているのでは決してありません。しかし 言わんとしていることはコインに別の面があるということなのです。パックス・ブリタニ カの下でイギリスは状況が異なっていたなら極度の問題を抱えていたような世界に、相対 的な安定と、相対的な繁栄をもたらしました。イギリスは当時、その社会に存在した聖書 的な影響によって神に祝福されていたと多くの人々が個人的に信じています。イギリスは 200 年間にわたって、どの国よりも多くの宣教師たちを送り出しました。ウィリアム・ケ アリーやハドソン・テイラーなど多くの宣教師たちを思い出してください。今日もオペレ ーション・モビライゼーション(Operation Mobilization)や、ユース・ウィズ・ア・ミッ ション(Youth with a Mission)、クライスト・フォー・ザ・ネイションズ(Christ for the Nations)などの団体がありますが、かつてイギリスから出て活動していた真実で聖書的な 宣教団体と比べると、影もかたちもありません。

第二次世界大戦の後に『パックス・アメリカ』が訪れました。当時ソビエトの脅威があ

りましたが、NATO の下にアメリカはイギリスと手を組み、基本的にヨーロッパに平和を

もたらしました。征服した国々を占領し、搾取することとはかけ離れて、アメリカはドイ ツや日本を自由市場を持つ西洋的民主主義国家に変え、繁栄と豊かさをもたらしました。 これはすべてを肯定しているのではありませんが、イギリスが多くのクリスチャンで溢れ

、多くの宣教師を送り出す国となったとき神がイギリスを祝福されたように、その同じ理 由で神がアメリカを祝福されていたのです。第一にアメリカはどの国よりもイスラエルを 祝福し守ってきました。また第二にアメリカは現在宣教師を最も多く送り出し、多くの国 に最も多い額の宣教費を捻出しています。今日では宣教に使われるお金の 4 分の 3 がアメ リカから出てきたものです。もしこのような現実がなければアメリカの妊娠中絶率だけを 考えてみても、神の裁きはもっと早い時期に下っていたことでしょう。

一方でスミルナの時代には『パックス・ロマーナ』が優勢でした。ローマ人は他の勢力 を抑えながら、さまざまな学派から自分たちの哲学を作り出していました。フェニキヤ人 からは交易路を取り、あらゆる場所に道路設備を建設し、そのうちのあるものは現在も残 っています。イスラエルでは『ヴィア・マリス』と呼ばれる『海の道』の跡が見受けられ ます。ローマ南部の地下墓地の近くには『ヴィア・アッピア』と呼ばれる『アッピア街道

』が残存しています。ローマ人たちは社会正義のための裁判のシステムを作りました。ま た彼らは自分たちの言葉であるラテンを国際公用語(リンガ・フランカ)とはせずに、ギ リシア語をもってきました。そしてその決定によって福音が広がったのです。バビロン捕 囚の後には非常に大規模なユダヤ人のディアスポラ(離散)が起こりました。それゆえ、 ローマ帝国中の主要な町々には確立されたユダヤ人共同体がありました。それだけではな く、ヘブライ語聖書(タナク)のギリシア語翻訳である七十人訳が登場し、当時の国際公 用語で利用可能となったのです。それゆえパックス・ロマーナの時代に福音は異邦人の間 で広がる条件が揃えられたのであって、神は実際にそれを用いていました。その反面、パ ックス・ロマーナは自分たちに頼り、従順である者たちだけに平和と繁栄を与えました



October 12, 2026
Written by - Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM Examples abound in history of how the responses to innovations in technology that disrupted and transformed the nature of warfare have taken a delayed time to be adapted. Chain mail and armour had to be altered and bolstered to repel arrows from the English Longbow in Medieval Europe, but this didn't occur in time to the dismay of the French at Agincourt. It took the Spanish decades to redesign their cumbersome Galleons that lay prey to the swifter English ships. Napoleonic era field tactics were still being employed during the American Civil War, with mass charges mowed down by the Gatling barrel machine gun. Trench warfare was only later embraced during WWI. With the cheap manufacture of drones and the advances in AI a new chapter has opened in how war is waged in our own time. The conflicts in Ukraine and Iran have demonstrated how asymmetric warfare has become as much an economic calculation as a game of cat and mouse. Drones (and relatively cheaply manufactured ballistic missiles by Iran) are being shot down at great expense. AI which has been extensively deployed for target identification in Gaza is also proving to be a vital tool in hunting incoming drones. But as in the delayed development of military countermeasures historically, drones are ahead of AI in the battlefield. This is reflected in the enormity of Russian military casualties that have fallen victim to Ukrainian drones. AI is able to cut through the 'background noise' of distracting projectiles, birds and other debris to home in efforts to eliminate the actual drone target. The magic formula is speed and precision. Humans can detect and assess a threat, but AI can process radar, cameras and other sensors almost instantly, and with increasing accuracy predict where a drone intends to strike. When swamped with a wave drone attack, AI acts to identify and track the multiple threats. AI can also help decide how to respond. Depending on the system, the response could involve electronic warfare, an interceptor drone, a missile or a gun-based system. Ukraine has installed automated machine gun turrets instructed by AI to protect Kiev. In some cases, humans still make the final decision to engage, while AI handles the calculations and tracking required to make that decision quickly. More broadly, drone warfare is becoming a contest between autonomous systems. The challenge is no longer simply building a better missile or a better drone. It is building a system that can see the threat first, understand it quickly and respond before the drone reaches its target. In that sense, AI is becoming a critical part of air defence. The advantage may increasingly belong to whoever can make the fastest and most accurate decisions—not necessarily whoever manufactures the most expensive weapons. AI's pace of progress is exponential. It is beyond comprehension what capacity could be realized in even the next 2-3 years. The combination of drones, robotics and AI may render the traditional military hardware of tanks, frigates and fighter jets almost functionally obsolete. The development of AI's course of military application will be largely directed by the conflicts where it is deployed. In the pre-AI world of 1987, the black Friday market crash during the Reagan Administration saw a dangerous drop in the Dow, where computer analysis issued sell orders against a background of Reagan's massive budget deficits. Amidst Reagan's budget deficits this created an environment where social security was looted to fund defence spending. A supposed conservative President ran a fiscal policy with simultaneous increases in the Pentagon budget, coupled with tax cuts. The computer generated sell off was beyond the functional control of brokers and market makers, while the Soviets attempted to engineer market irregularities affecting the American economy which had further global ramifications due to massive American trade deficits with Japan under Reagan. The current Securities exchange environment is at best no less complex now. Given the spectre of what transpired in 1987 with computerised over control of stock exchange trading, and a shadow hanging over the bond market we are left to ponder could another such scenario be triggered in the age of AI? And even more illuminous prospect over shadows us now with the question can AI gain a decision-making operational capacity over command-and-control decisions. Certainly, for tactical weapons systems or even a doomsday scenario with Russia, China, India or Pakistan placing nuclear launch control in the hands of AI that could result in an exchange that either the US, Britain, France or Israel would be forced to react to. Without scaremongering it is necessary for strategic planners to prevent the nuclear powers that be from arriving at the precipice of such an abyss.
September 21, 2026
The interlinked nature of third-party involvement in the ongoing conflicts in Iran and Ukraine has increasingly come to the fore in recent weeks. It emerged that China has not only been providing Iran with radar systems, navigation tools, and electronic warfare technology, but also high-resolution satellite imagery and geospatial data to direct its rockets. The same great-power relationships that are shaping the Middle East are affecting the conduct and constraints of the war in Ukraine. It is apparent that a reciprocation in kind is dictating Russia's conduct towards the US in Iran. Intelligence and targeting support mirror similar U.S. assistance to Ukraine. But this picture becomes murkier when considering the backroom accommodations Trump is willing to give Putin. Recently, Trump pressured Zelensky to stop targeting Russian diesel infrastructure, saying the attacks were causing a shortage of the fuel that is "hurting the world." The U.S. national average price for diesel, which is used by trucks, trains, ships, and farm equipment, rose above six dollars a gallon for the first time last Thursday. Such interventions demonstrate how developments on the battlefield in Ukraine can no longer be considered independently of wider economic and geopolitical calculations. China has been using tankers that are already at sea, when that runs out the American blockade will create shortage problems for the Chinese economy, as China no longer gets Venezuelan oil and is reliant on Iran and international spot market prices. The war with Iran is now spreading to Yemen, with the Houthis attempting to replicate the Iranian chokehold model perfected in the Strait of Hormuz. The strategic importance of controlling or threatening critical maritime chokepoints is central to the wider contest. What happens in the Gulf can therefore have consequences for shipping, energy markets, and military calculations far beyond the immediate theatre. So far, the US has declined Saudi requests to slow the Houthi advance. Neither Turkey nor Egypt seems inclined to come to Saudi Arabia's aid. This is despite the signing of a very recent mutual defence pact between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan. More developments can happen in these conflicts on an average day than can be afforded mention, but they should be increasingly understood as interconnected parts of a wider geopolitical confrontation. Assistance in one theatre triggers reciprocal action in another. Consequently, these cease to be discrete, containable conflicts and are extending into prolonged multinational conflicts. There is a distinct possibility that these may become frozen conflicts over time. A more terrifying eventuality is something more akin to the Thirty Years' War, which was fought in the first half of the 17th century in Europe. It is important to remember that this calamity, which ravaged Europe, began as a localized rebellion that gradually drew in more and more powers. The initial religious nature of the fighting gave way to political struggles. The mechanism by which a localized conflict becomes a multinational struggle offers a historical warning worth considering. The danger today is that a collection of individually distinct conflicts could become sufficiently interconnected that containing any one of them becomes increasingly difficult. Iran, Ukraine, Russia, China, the United States, and the conflict involving the Houthis are already linked by military assistance, intelligence, energy, trade, and strategic competition. The question, therefore, is no longer simply how any one of these conflicts ends. It is whether they can remain separate conflicts at all.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • September 12, 2026
Moriel & Jacob Prasch request prayer for our sister in Jesus - Wendy Blomkamp, widow of Brother Fred Blomkamp (now with The Lord), the founder of Moriel South Africa Branch (not to be confused with Moriel's Ebyown Aids Children's Mission in South Africa founded by David Royle). Wendy, (an equestrian rider of all things) is originally from West Yorkshire, England but has lived most of her life in South Africa and is currently in retirement in the USA. Unfortunately, Wendy is diagnosed with inoperable pre terminal cancer with cardio pullmonary complications. The Lord will either intervene supernaturally or call her home. We request prayer for Wendy and her beloved family and wisdom for her physicians. In Christ, All at Moriel
By David Passmore • September 7, 2026
The US midterm elections are around the corner and the results could have profound effects on US foreign policy concerning Israel. Much has been said about this vote being a referendum on Trump's unpopular war with Iran. But it can equally be said to be about Trump's other foreign policy engagements that are viewed rather more favourably like the overthrow of Maduro in Venezuela and his replacement with a pro-American regime. With Israel the picture is less clear. It used to be a given that Israel enjoyed bipartisan support on the Hill. You could count on the fingers of one hand the number of politicians opposed to supporting Israel - the occasional fringe Democrat representing a singular Michigan constituency with a high Arab origin demographic, or a rare odd ball Republican preaching strict isolationism. This dynamic has shifted quickly in the last decade. The Democrats have all but abandoned any inclination of a pro-Israel position. Even establishment figures like Chuck Schumer have been pressured to side with the Party's radical left wing. With 60-80% of Democrats now anti-Israel, Israel can no longer rely on Jewish Democrats to oppose anti-Zionism or antisemitism. The most outspoken Democratic member of the Senate advocating a pro-Israel position, Senator John Fetterman of Pennsylvania is being pressured to resign and leave the party even by Pennsylvania's Jewish Governor Shapiro and Soros sponsored Philadelphia Prosecutor Krasner. This is happening concurrently with mass endorsement from 170 leading Hollywood Jewish actors writing a letter of support for Mark Ruffallo - despite his antisemitic comments naming Jewish investors supporting a Hollywood studio mega merger as being associated with apartheid genocide. However most shocking, were the comments by Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel who stood before an audience of Jewish Democrats last weekend telling them they may need to sacrifice the safety, and even the future, of their own people in exchange for saving the rest of humanity. Such rhetoric is contrary to basic human instincts of survival and self-preservation. If any other nation were suggested this course of action, I wonder what their response would be? On the Republican side the foreboding sense of an altering course towards Israel no longer seems so distant. The anti-Israel faction in the Republican party led by Tucker Carlson, Candace Owens and Nick Fuentes are now being supported by Vice President Vance. Jewish kingpins in the Trump Administration such as Witkoff and Kushner have been tied to business dealings in N.Y. with the Muslim Brotherhood controlled Qatari government through its business holdings. Should Republicans lose control of the Senate while Democrats take the House, Israel could find itself having to drastically re-access its relationship with Washington. We wouldn't see an immediate break in ties. American military, intelligence, technological and strategic cooperation with Israel is too integrated into the core of US institutions and corporations that would take a protracted period to dismantle. However, the power of Congress is in no way feeble. Congress controls funding, foreign-assistance legislation, sanctions, arms-related legislation and, perhaps most importantly, the political milieu in which an administration operates. A Democratic House combined with a Senate no longer controlled by Republicans could place enormous pressure on Trump to alter his attitude towards Israel. Practically this could entail demanding further accountability from Israel over military operations in Gaza, and the West Bank Settlers causing civilian casualties and property damage. Military aid could face more conditions or restrictions, but an immediate cutoff is unlikely. Israel has historically depended upon the presumption that regardless of who was President, there would be a robust enough bipartisan coalition in Congress to prevent a major deterioration in the relationship. Now the opposite appears true. Israel is taking the gamble of solely relying on a friendly President like Trump getting elected to maintain cordial relations. With the erosion of even much of Jewish American support for Israel and the hijacking of the Democratic party by a pro Islamist socialist left seen in Mamdani and others, Israel is forced to confront the inescapable reality that the last strong bastion of support for it is the Republican Party's evangelical base. But even younger voters in this key demographic are beginning to question support for Israel. The hostility displayed by the Haredim in Jerusalem and elsewhere against Christians including evangelicals, is to say the least counter-productive to the national interest. To attack the one friend Israel has left with a proven track record of loyalty and is vital to pro-Zionism internationally, is particularly detrimental to the national interest. It is Iran with its Mahdiist interpretations of jihad and sharia as a religious ideology that drives its hatred of Israel and the USA, and The West, to the detriment of the interests of the majority of the Iranian populace who want non hostile co-existence.  Such religious fanaticism and ideologically fuelled hatred ought not be given place in Israeli Judaism. It too, will generate adverse consequences for the majority of Israelis, including religious moderates, who desire an ongoing friendship with Evangelical Christians whose theology is not one of anti Semitism, but of proven Philo-Semitism and pro Zionism.
By David Passmore • August 21, 2026
Don't bite the hand that feeds you - Irish hypocrisy towards Israel Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM Amongst European nations, Ireland in recent years has gained the reputation as being the leading anti-Zionist country. The Irish Republic has never been favourably inclined to Israel. It only established an Embassy in Tel Aviv in 1996. In poll after poll the vast majority of the Irish public have indicated hostility towards Zionism and strong support for Palestinian Statehood. The curious aberration to this is that in British Ruled Northern Ireland support is demarcated along sectarian lines. Catholic Republican areas predictably tend to ardently support the Palestinian cause, while Protestant Unionist communities are overwhelmingly pro-Israel. Perhaps some credence can be given to sentiments of traditional Catholic antisemitism hardwired into the Irish psyche as contributing towards this disposition. It was certainly odd that the Irish government promptly sent a delegation to the Nazi German Ambassador in Dublin to convey condolences after news of Hitler's suicide broke at the end of WW2. But more concretely if you were to ask the average Irish protester on a pro-Palestine march the basis of their empathy for the Palestinian cause, they would point to the ostensible parallels between the Irish experience of fighting for independence from British colonial oppression to the plight of Palestinians living under Israeli occupation. Further remonstrations on a diplomatic level concern the actions of the IDF interreacting with Irish Peace Keepers in Southern Lebanon that have caused the deaths of several Irish Peace Keepers over the decades in friendly fire incidents. Ireland has contributed the most peace keepers to this mission per capita and the government has condemned Israel for these deaths that they view as avoidable. This animosity towards Israel is unbalanced. There are reasons to consider that Ireland and Israel have a shared experience of national liberation. Both countries fought the British in the pursuit of independence. Both countries made great efforts to resurrect their ancient languages for modern wide scale use. Both the Irish and Jews form major diaspora communities in New York. Despite all this Ireland ranks as Israel's second largest export market after the US. The preponderance of Israeli exports to Ireland comprises electronic integrated circuits, micro-assemblies, and tech manufacturing components. American multinational colossal tech corporations like Intel are substantially engrossed in this trade through the chain of supply. Ireland and Israel are hubs for design and manufacture of high-tech hardware components for US corporations. So, due to the nature of the most prosperous and competitive sectors of their respective economies, Israel and Ireland are inextricably bound in bilateral trade ties. Resolutions from the Irish government to impose sanctions on West Bank originating produce is merely perfunctory rhetoric. Such actions amount to a drop in the bucket in terms of impact to overall trade. The stark reliance of Ireland on advanced Israeli aviation equipment recently caused a spectacle when Ireland's new government jet struggled to land in heavy fog due to it being ordered without an advanced Israeli made navigation system. This was directly due to a short-sighted government decision not to buy Israeli military technology. There is a marked disparity between the official position of the Irish government designed for domestic public consumption and the economic policies that it actually pursues towards Israel. The government is acutely aware that the US is massively invested in the Irish economy and they don't want to do anything to jeopardise this. Washington demands that their enterprises in Dublin are intertwined with operations in Israel. The Irish government dare not even prevent US military supply flights refuelling at Shannon Airport on their way to Tel Aviv. The Irish government knows that times change and now the gripping social issue is the anti-immigrant/anti-Islam popular street protests. Soon the anti-Israel protests could become a mere side show only really promoted by Sinn Fein given the pressing ramifications of mass migration. So, in the meantime certain politicians will rile against the occupation, purported genocide and pass paltry sanctions against insignificant produce from the West Bank. All the while making hand over fist in money with the Israelis where it really matters in tech.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • July 31, 2026
The Tide Has Changed Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The America that Netanyahu touched down on is a changed America. The death of Lindsey Graham represents a changing of the guard. Graham was a staunch Israeli ally who will most probably become an increasingly rare breed in Washington. Sixty percent of Americans now hold a unfavourable view of Israel which politicians are finding difficult to ignore. It was once unthinkable to believe that New York City with such a strong Jewish electoral base and influence on all sectors of economic and cultural life would have a mayor that is so hostile to Israel to such an extent that he is calling for the arrest of its Prime Minister. From all accounts Netanyahu was cordially welcomed at the White House. The official press release stated that the talks were constructive. What is more telling is what was left unsaid particularly concerning the proposed sale of F35's to Israel's new regional adversary -Turkey. Trump is keen to find a swift resolution to the Iran War, while Netanyahu is opposed to a premature departure. When the US and Israel initiated their attacks on Iran over five months ago, Trump and Netanyahu appeared united in the War's goals and purpose. But as the protracted conflict has staggered to topple the Iranian regime fractures have emerged. Much has been said about the imminent political realities both leaders face. The Republicans could take a big hit in the November midterm elections should the war continue and global energy markets be negatively impacted. Netanyahu is anxious to demonstrate a big win to the Israeli public with the upcoming October election. In Israel, the Iran War is not viewed in isolation, but rather as an extension of the response to the colossal disaster of the October 7th massacre. Netanyahu must rehabilitate his reputation as a competent steward of national security having had the greatest loss of civilian life in an attack happening under his watch. Aside from the Iran issue, Trump is being pressured by Erdogan to insist upon Israeli withdrawal from Syrian territory pre-emptively seized by Israel following the toppling of Assad. Trump has also indicated disapproval of the extent of continuing Israeli measures against Hezbollah in southern Lebanon, questioning the proportionality employed. Netanyahu is not in an envious position. Throughout his tenure and political career, he lauded his ability to engage successfully with the American public by zealously advocating Israel's position. Yet under his government Israel's reputation has plummeted in the US. Trump may be the last US President to extend such overwhelming bilateral support to Israel. The days of politicians like Lindsey Graham are fast ending. While John Fetteman and Marco Rubio appear to be remaining more solid, even some of the most warmly inclined leading Republican and Democrat voices like Donald Trump and Rahm Emanuel have nuanced their support for Israel. The tide has shifted and will at best level off if not continuing to shift further.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • July 24, 2026
The Saudi Nuclear Deal: An attempt to alter the Regional Balance of Power Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The initiative to develop a civilian nuclear program in Saudi Arabia with US assistance isn't new. There were concrete plans discussed towards these ends during the first Trump Administration. The recent announcement to actualize this deal follows the geo-political regional tumult in the wake of the Iran War. Several dimensions of motivation underlie the US decision. An overarching US strategic agenda is to keep the Saudis firmly in the American sphere of influence. Washington knows all too well that the Chinese and Russians are eager to offer their nuclear technical assistance to the Saudis in order to draw them closer to their camp. On a personal note, the nuclear agreement is a significant achievement for Bin Salaman. The Saudis have long had designs to diversify their energy supplies. Having a civilian nuclear program also adds prestige to Saudi Arabia as an emerging market economy. For the US, a monopoly on contracting companies for the requisite construction offers lucrative economic opportunities. Although the Civilian Nuclear deal does not allow the enrichment of Uranium, the Saudis will be in a position to do so if Washington gives the green light. This will act as a counterbalanced threat hanging over the Iranians. After the recent flare up of renewed fighting with Iran due to their lack of adherence to the moratorium of understanding, something had to budge in Trump's estimation. A reconfiguration of the power balance in the Gulf by introducing the potential of Saudi Arabia to be able to acquire nuclear weapons shifts the dynamic and places further pressure on Iran to strictly abstain from nuclear proliferation. Despite Israeli concerns about the agreement, Trump sought to assuage their alarm by making it contingent upon Saudi Arabia normalizing relations with them. Given the inherently unstable nature of an autocratic Saudi regime Israel views a diplomatic relationship with the Saudis as being on precarious footing in the long term. Israel is already forced to contend with the implications of one nuclear armed Muslim state - Pakistan and it will further weaken its own deterrent capability if another similarly capable hostile neighbour were to emerge in the future. The roles of Turkey and Qatar in all this foray are a wild card. Officially Turkey is served under the NATO nuclear umbrella for defence that is subject to US control. However, its civilian nuclear program remains in its infancy. Now with the Saudi deal, Erdogan may be inclined to exert pressure on the US to help accelerate his own nuclear program. Just as Erdogan's efforts to acquire F35 fighter jets from the US greatly disturbed Israeli military planners, a heightened Turkish nuclear ability will intensify this fear. Qatar views itself as pursuing its own independent foreign policy that has managed to remain rather neutral during the current war, thereby escaping the ire of Iran's strikes on US regional assets. Overall, the Qatari government has grown closer to the Turkish vision for the region and so likely isn't particularly amiable to the Saudi agreement. Ultimately the Saudi deal is a gamble. Many will see it as throwing more fuel on the fire which will further imperil the tinder box region and heighten tensions. But Trump finds himself at a continuing impasse with a stubborn regime in Tehran that is leveraging their geographic hold on the straits of Hormuz to inflict damage on the global energy markets. Iranian strikes upon US Arab regional allies have underscored the de facto alliance between Israel and the Arabs against Iran and its Shia proxies. The US hopes to use the Saudi nuclear deal as a means of making this alliance official by having Saudi Arabia joining the Abraham Accords as a pre-condition.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • July 14, 2026
Circling the wagons Ruben Rothler LLB, LLM Israel is a society riddled with tension and division. It is sociologically, if not politically miraculous that a country drawing Jews from all over the world is able to exist at all. The army affords a degree of integration as a melting pot. But this is only a marginal source of national unity in the overall scheme of things. More so are the myriads of external threats that face this small country. In the former generation the Ashkenazi (Jews of European descent) - Sephardic (Jews of Oriental descent) divide was far more pronounced. The dominant Ashkenazi establishment held the reins of political and economic power which was resented by the Sephardim. However, due to a combination of inter-marriage and political accommodation much of the chasm that separated these distinct groups was forged. Menachem Begin (an Ashkenazi politician) in 1970 successfully ran on the Likud Party ticket with a campaign that brought Sephardic Jews under his conservative political umbrella. Later the immigration of Russian Jews following the end of Communism would add a whole new dimension to the Israeli demographic milieu. The younger generation of these immigrants tended to adapt well to Israeli society and contributed much to the economy. The wider division in Israeli society that crosses ethnic lines concerns that between religious and secular Jews. This can be further bifurcated to the clash between the secular and specifically ultra-orthodox Jews (Haredim) as distinguished from the national religious Jews (Dati Leumi). The Secular and the Religious generally part on what they envisage a Jewish State to entail. Religious Jews desire the State to strictly adhere to the stipulations of Jewish Law (Halacha), while at present Halakhic influence is largely limited to certain areas of Family Law concerning Jewish citizens. Wider considerations of promoting a socially conservative political agenda would also be forefront amongst the religious mindset broadly. Secular Jews view the imposition of such proposed measures as a serious infringement of their civil rights. With regard to the Haredim, the bone of contention looms larger, in that this group is fundamentally opposed to participating in society at large. This is acutely manifested in diminished contribution to the work force and a refusal to be conscripted into the army. The 2023 judicial reform protests posed a significant threat to social civil order. The nation appeared to be bitterly divided into two opposing camps. This split reflected broader divisions concerning visions of how the country should be governed. The judicial reforms would have weakened the Supreme Court's ability to render the Executive branch accountable. However, the Supreme Court was also accused of using its considerable powers to promote a socially liberal agenda. Left wing secular Israelis tended to oppose the proposed reforms while those on the right (which included the majority of Religious Jews) supported the reforms. Every weekend droves of protesters were brought onto the streets causing major disturbances to traffic. The polarising nature of this impasse threatened the future of Israeli democracy. It was the October 7th attack that brought a swift end to this public debate and civil strife. The nation instinctually united in response to this common existential threat. The judicial reforms were shelved for a future point when the urgent security threats subsided. However, as the war dragged on the enduring issue of Haredi refusal to conscript into the army became more pronounced. Mounting casualties combined with ever increasing manpower demands to field troops on the multiple theatres of action on which the IDF is engaged has depleted the ranks, and the army is now in much need of fresh conscripts. Haredi belligerent refusal to participate in the pressing national defence has escalated from being a political debate to a matter of very practical vital importance. Overall we can observe that the challenges to national unity in successive generations since the establishment of Israel has recurrently been ameliorated by the common necessity of defence towards outside threats. Most recently we can see this happening with regard to the global anti Semitism and anti-Zionism that has been raging since the October 7th atrocities. These hostile attitudes have paradoxically acted as a force which promotes nationalism and a sense of national cohesion in Israel that otherwise might not functionally exist.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • July 8, 2026
A Divided Nation Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The Haredi community has had a complicated, paradoxical relationship with the State since its founding. Rooted in a Talmudic precept that the Jews are forbidden to resettle the land of Israel en masse by force before the coming of the Messiah, the secular democratic State of Israel presents itself as blasphemous by its mere existence. Yet due to practical considerations such as the need to obtain funding for its religious academies the Haredi leadership reached a settlement with the State's founders that exempted Haredi men from being conscripted for military service. This was at a time when the Haredi population in Israel was relatively small. Over the past decades this demographic ballooned until the point that soon the majority of Jewish children in Israel will be born into Haredi families. Such a situation is clearly unsustainable. Recently the Knesset's (Parliament's) Haredi parties have pressured their coalition partners in government to codify Torah Study as part of the Country's Basic Laws. This was purposefully done to elevate the status of their institutions to be on parity with service in the IDF. Israel is yet to promulgate a written Constitution, so legislation classed as a Basic Law holds Constitutional status for all intents and purposes. These moves by the religious parties represent a back door power grab to enshrine in law very significant hurdles to prevent the enlistment of Haredi men. The burden of Israel's defence is comparatively massive for a country its size and it is vastly disproportionately shouldered by the secular population. Until now there have been political initiatives to conscript the Haredim. But given the huge manpower shortages emerging in the wake of near continual conflict on multiple fronts since the events of October 7th this matter has become urgent and not merely a theoretical discussion of what is fair and equitable. It is important to draw a distinction between the Haredim and national religious Jews (Dati Leumi). The Haredim adhere to a lifestyle entirely committed to observance of Jewish Law and Talmudic study. This is embraced to the exclusion of gainful employment and participation in wider society. They are either outrightly opposed to Zionism or consider themselves non-Zionist. Conversely, followers of the national religious movement in Israel although being observant of Jewish law and learning would alongside this pursue secular professions. Furthermore, they are ardently Zionist and disproportionately serve in IDF combat units. This is often done within the framework of a program called Hesder Yeshiva that combines religious learning with military service. Efforts to cater a similar model for accommodating Haredi participation in the IDF have so far failed to make substantial gains. Such measures designed to override Haredi objections to service based upon modesty concerns by strict segregation of the sexes in these specially formed units have failed to appease the Haredi leadership. For them, any form of military service is considered a dereliction of their duty to fully devote themselves to a Torah lifestyle. They argue that their Talmudic learning and prayers are in itself a form of national service and act to protect the Jewish people spiritually from enemy attack. It is as if two parallel societies exist within Israel. And the trajectory of separation between the two is only growing. The Haredim are cloistered away in their Yeshivas, immersed in lives devoted to adhering to the stipulations of Jewish law. While the particulars of actually running the State is left to the Secular. The Haredim desire all the benefits of subsidizing their lifestyle without contributing to society. What we really have going on here at source is two profoundly different and opposing ideological visions of what is important in life and what is the purpose of a Jewish State. At the State's founding these divergent perspectives were more manageable. Ben Gurion only had to contend with one religious party –the National Religious Party. Later in 1970 Begin aligned with the NRP to form a coalition government that also brought Sephardic Jews under the Likud umbrella which had the effect of bringing unity to the country by bridging the Ashkenazi-Sephardi divide. However, over time Israeli politics has seen a proliferation of religious parties, gaining further leverage as king brokers in forming governments due to the proportionate representation voting system which secular Israelis not uncommonly view as political blackmail. (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).