Ephesus - Afrikaans

April 1, 2025

ÉFESE

Jakob Prasch se boek: “The Dilemma of laodicéa” bespreek die Sewe letterlike Kerke van Openbaring 2-3 wat gedurende die eerste eeu in die tyd van Johannes bestaan het.

Dit is ook sewe tipe kerke wat in enige tydperk van die Kerk geskiedenis kan bestaan; sewe algemene opvolgende tydperke van die kerk geskiedenis wat in die Laaste Dae tot en met die Wederkoms van Jesus sal bestaan.

Uit dit leer ons nie net ‘n les oor die kerk geskiedenis nie maar dit gaan ook oor hoe die geestelike patrone van elke kerk ‘n groter beeld en ook ‘n vooruitskouing is van die finale vervulling daarvan in die Laaste Dae soos in die karakter van Jesus se eie beskrywing van geboorte pyne. Hierdie boek is ‘n uitstaande hulpmiddel vir enige kerk of kerklike organisasie om hulle eie geestelike karakter op ‘n Bybelse basis te ondersoek.

Elke eeu van die Kerk word deur al sewe kerke verteenwoordig, nie net hulle unieke krag en swakhede nie, maar dit is ook ‘n beeld van hoe elke kerk reageer op geestelike aanvalle wat hulle goeie dade wil ondermyn. Omdat elke kerk in die Laaste Dae in die lig gebring sal word is dit belangrik vir elke Christen om te verstaan hoedat alles wat met hierdie sewe kerke in die geskiedenis gebeur het ook ‘n beeld is van wat vandag voor ons oë in die kerke wêreld afspeel.

- - - ÉFESE- “NIE VOORTDUREND”

--- Eerste eeu- “Skryf aan die engel van die gemeente in Éfese:

Dít sê Hy wat die sewe sterre in sy regterhand hou, wat wandel tussen die sewe goue kandelaars: Ek ken jou werke en jou arbeid en jou lydsaamheid, en dat jy slegte mense nie kan verdra nie; en dat jy dié op die proef gestel het wat sê dat hulle apostels is en dit nie is nie, en hulle leuenaars bevind het; en dat jy verdra het en lydsaamheid besit, en ter wille van my Naam gearbei en nie moeg geword het nie.

Maar Ek het teen jou dat jy jou eerste liefde verlaat het. Onthou dan waarvandaan jy uitgeval het, en bekeer jou en doen die eerste werke. Anders kom Ek gou na jou toe en sal jou kandelaar van sy plek verwyder as jy jou nie bekeer nie.

Maar dit het jy, dat jy die werke van die Nikolaïete haat, wat Ek ook haat. Wie 'n oor het, laat hom hoor wat die Gees aan die gemeentes sê. Aan hom wat oorwin, sal Ek gee om te eet van die boom van die lewe wat binne in die paradys van God is.” (Op. 2:1-7)

Die Éfese Eeu.

Efese verskil van die ander ses uit die sewe kerke omdat daar verwys word na die Apostoliese of die Efese eeu van die kerk tot en met die einde van die eerste eeu n.C. Let op dat in teenstelling met die ander ses kerke het dit geen toekomstige toepassing in ‘n ander eeu nie, hetsy in enige primêre of profetiese hoedanigheid, alhoewel die beginsels waarmee Christus beide aanbeveel en goedkeur van toepassing is op alle kerke in al die eeue. Die oorspronklike tyd raamwerk van Efese is die eeu waarin die kerk bestaan en wat Johannes gesien het. (Die skrywer glo aan ‘n klasieke Johannes outeurskap, maar die redes word nie hier bespreek nie.)

Éfese, ‘n Groot Stad-

Vandag is Efese ‘n Moslem dorp met die naam van Selsuk, ‘n gewilde plek om te besoek. Volgens tradisie en ‘n Evangeliese argeoloog uit die Verenigde State is dit die plek waar Johannes begrawe is na sy terugkeer van die eiland Patmos waar hy ‘n gevangene was.

Efese word in Johannes se brief beskryf as ‘n kerk met spesiale lamp- kandelaar- tussen die ander sewe goue kandelare wat nie een van die ander kerke gehad het nie, (Op.2:5) en as gevolg van die kerk se apostoliese assosiasies en sy Joodse wortels en vermoë om die Joodse Skrifte in hulle oorspronklike Joodse perspektief te verstaan, kon hierdie kerk dinge sien wat die ander kerke nie kon sien nie. Maar hierdie lamp of kandelaar is weggeneem. As jy vandag Efese of die dorp Selsuk besoek sal jy daar nie eers ‘n nominale Christen en nog minder ‘n weergebore Christen kry nie. Besoekers kan die bouvalle van die Tempel van Artemis bekyk, dit is waar die onluste in Paulus se bediening plaasgevind het. (Hand. 19:23-4)

Daar is plek wat geken word as “Maria se Huis” wat volgens die tradisie van die Griekse Ortodokse kerk die aftree plek van Maria en die apostel Johannes was. Vir £20 kan jy ‘n persoonlike toer reël. Maar alhoewel hierdie plek met Petrus en Paulus, Barnabas en Johannes en later met Polycarp verbind word- almal pilare van die Kerk- is daar vandag absoluut niks van enige vorm van Christelikheid te vinde nie. Dit is verstommend dat so iets in ‘n plek met so baie herinneringe aan God se Waarheid kon gebeur, hierdie geskiedenis het prakties oornag niks van geword nie.

In ongeveer 96 n.C. het Johannes die Boek Openbaring geskryf en in hierdie tyd was Efese die grootste hawe in Asië en alhoewel Pérgamus die hoofstad van die provinsie van Asië was het Efese die grootste populasie gehad- ongeveer 250,000 mense. Efese was na Rome, Alexandrië en Antiogië die vierde grootste stad in die Ryk. Daar was paaie vanaf Kolosse, Laodicéa en Galásië na die Mediterrane, en na Efese via Sardis, dus was Efese die snelweg na Rome. Efese het gespog met fabelagtige argitekture en spoggerige paaie en dinge soos ‘n 70 voet breë pad tussen boom lanings wat na die hawe toe geloop het.

Efese het ook ‘n teater met 25,000 sitplekke gehad en die Tempel van Diana (Artemis) was ook daar wat ook beskou was as een van die sewe wonders van die outydse wêreld. In die geheel gebou met marmer was dit die grootste gebou in die hele Griekse wêreld. 36 van sy 127 sestig voet hoë pilare was met goud oorgetrek, uitermatig weelderig vir die mense van daardie tyd.

Die beeld van Artemis in die teater was ‘n squat, ‘n swart veelborstige figuur, ‘n weelderige standbeeld wat in die Vatikaanse museum gesien kan word. Die beeld lyk baie soos die beelde van Maria, die moeder van Jesus. Wat ‘n feit is, is dat die Raad van Efese in die vyfde eeu hierdie Maria as die “Koningin van die Hemel” en die “Moeder van God” verklaar het, wat ‘n navolging is van die heidense aanbidding van Diana van Efese, ten spyte daarvan dat die Griekse term “Theotokos”- “Moeder van God” op geen plek in die Nuwe Testament gevind kan word nie. Lees Handelinge 15 en let op hoe heilig Artemis vir die Efésiërs was.

Hierdie selfde stad wat so intens geïdentifiseer was met die apostoliese kerk het later fundamenteel die heidense basis geword wat gesien het hoedat die hoofstroom Christendom verander het in ‘n heidense politieke Christendom.

Daar was ook tempels van keisers soos Claudius, Nero en Domitian, met ‘n standbeeld van Domitian wat vier keer groter was as normaal wat hom uitgebeeld het as Zeus- die heerser van die gode. ‘n Reuse voorarm van die beeld kan in ‘n museum gesien word.

Later toe Christene vanaf Asië ingebring was om in Rome vir die leeus gegooi te word, het Ignatius (c.35-c.110) die derde “Biskop van Antiogië”- wat self gemartel was, Efese die “Snelweg van die Martelare” genoem.

In die tyd van Keiser Domitian Pliny (c.61—c. 113) was daar gekla oor Domitian wat aangespreek was as: “Dominus et Deus Noster”— dit is: “Ons Here en ons God.” Die digter Staius het hom die “môrester” genoem, ‘n titel van die Here Jesus in die Bybel, alhoewel Lucifer ook geken wil word as die môrester. Vir hierdie rede het Domitian, wat ook gesien word as ‘n tipe van die Antichris, ‘n verpersoonliking van die duiwel- die Christene wreed vervolg.

Wat interessant is, om Domitian se aanspraak reg te stel, sien ons in die Evangelie van Johannes dat Thomas die Here Jesus aanspreek as: “My Here en my God” (Joh. 20:28) verder sien ons ook in die Openbaring van Jesus- die Here se laaste woorde: “Ek is die wortel en die geslag van Dawid, die blink môrester.” (Op. 22:16)

Daar was baie tekens van die einde van hierdie eeu in die eerste eeu. Toe Jakobus gemartel was het Simeon die senior pastoor van die Kerk in Jerusalem geword. Hy het onthou wat Jesus gesê het en hy het die gelowiges uit Jerusalem na ‘n plek wat Pella genoem was gelei. (Josephus) Al die gelowiges was gered omdat hulle gevlug het toe hulle die vervulling van al die tekens gesien het, dinge soos die tydelike onttrekking van Romeinse mag uit Jerusalem.

Maar die Jode wat agtergebly het met die besetting van Jerusalem deur Titus in 70n.C., het deur ‘n verskriklike groot verdrukking gegaan, hulle het mekaar se babas geëet- wat ook ‘n vervulling was van die waarskuwings in Deut. 28. Dit het voorheen ook gebeur toe Jerusalem deur Nebukatnessar beset was. (Eseg 5:10) Dit is ook ‘n beeld van wat weer gaan gebeur net voor Armageddon.

Vervolging.

Die keiser het mense verplig om hom op die dag van die Here te aanbid - (Op.1:10) een dag per jaar. Baie Christene het geweier om vir ‘n valse god te buig. Petrus en Paulus is doodgemaak en Rome was afgebrand. Dit is ‘n beeld van die twee martelare in Op. 11, ‘n woord wat ook “getuienis” beteken. Hierdie dinge wat werklik gebeur het is dinge wat weer aan die einde van die eeu gaan gebeur, dit is ‘n skaduwee van die finale vervulling wat kom. Efese as die middelpunt van Heidense aanbidding gee vir ons ‘n baie duidelike beeld van die vervolging wat in die Laaste Dae gaan kom.

In die promenade wat na die Agorra (mark) geloop het was daar ‘n hek met oorhoofse kennisgewing wat die keiser vereer het as die seun van god, dus om te koop en te verkoop moes daar ‘n de-facto (as werklik bestaande) erkenning van die godheid van die keiser wees.

Die Christene wat dit nie wou doen nie was uit die kommersiële lewe van die stad uitgesluit en hulle kon nie koop en verkoop nie. Meer nog, hulle was aan beide kante van die straat aan pale wat na die promenade gelei het vas gemaak en aan die brand geteek om as menslike straatligte te dien. Dit is ‘n skaduwee van wat die Antichris in die Laaste Dae kan doen, hy gaan mense se kapasiteit om handel te dryf verbind aan ‘n onuitgesproke erkenning van sy god status.

Voor die bestaan van denominasies was daar ‘n graad van eenheid in die kerk wat deur vervolging ontwikkel het, in die Laaste Dae gaan dit weer gebeur. In die vroeë kerk was daar baie gepraat oor die Laaste Dae. “Wanneer gaan Hy kom?” Dit is waarna Christene uitgesien het, en as dit nie gebeur het nie het mense moed verloor. Maar Jesus het deur Sy engel gesê: “Hy wat oorwin...wat volhard tot die einde...” (Op. 2:26) “Hoe lank, o heilige en waaragtige Heerser?, (Op. 6:10) “--en aan hulle is gesê dat hulle nog 'n klein tydjie moes rus totdat ook hulle medediensknegte en hulle broeders wat nog gedood sou word soos hulle, voltallig sou wees.” (Op. 6:11).

Dit is ‘n vreeslike gedagte, maar net soos wat daar in die vroeë kerk ‘n ernstige vervolging was, so sal dit in die Laaste Dae weer wees. Kyk wat gebeur vandag met Christene in Sjina of Noord Korea? Rome onder die keiser Nero het Christene verbrand—burgers van sy eie koninkryk! - En in die 16de eeu het die Roomse Kerk sy eie mense gebrand omdat hulle die Bybel gelees het. Die Laaste Dae gaan inderdaad ‘n groot lydsaamheid en geloof van die heiliges vra. (Op. 13:10)

Jesus die Hoë Priester

“Die openbaring van Jesus Christus wat God Hom gegee het--” (Op. 1:1) (God het dit vir Jesus gegee.) “Toe draai ek my om, om te sien watter stem met my gespreek het; en toe ek my omgedraai het, sien ek sewe goue kandelaars, en tussen die sewe kandelaars Een soos die Seun van die mens met 'n kleed aan wat tot op die voete hang, en gegord om die bors met 'n goue gordel. Sy hoof en hare was wit soos wit wol, soos sneeu, en sy oë soos 'n vuurvlam, en sy voete soos blink koper wat gloei soos in 'n oond, en sy stem soos die stem van baie waters.

En in sy regterhand het Hy sewe sterre gehou, en 'n skerp tweesnydende swaard het uit sy mond uitgegaan, en sy aangesig was soos die son wat skyn in sy krag.” (Op. 1:12-16

Let op Jesus verskyn geklee as die nuwe Hoë Priester wat die Joodse Hoë Priester van Eksodus 29 vervang. Die Hoë Priester was met bloed ingeseën en hy het ‘n spesiale kleed aangehad, maar sy seëninge en roeping was na sy seuns oorgedra. onthou Jesus is nou die Hoë Priester.

En net soos wat die seuns van Aaron priesters was wat die bediening van Aaron uitgedra het- so is alle volgers van Jesus priesters van Hom wat die Hoë Priester is. Meer spesifiek, Dit is ‘n priesters se bediening om offers te bring en vir mense in te tree. Volgens 1 Petrus 2:9 is alle gelowiges priesters. Daar bestaan nie iets soos ‘n Christen wat nie ‘n priester is nie, iemand wat nie ‘n priester is nie- is nie ‘n Christen of ‘n prediker nie. Priester beteken “dienskneg”. Die idee van ‘n geordende ‘Priester’ onder die Nuwe Verbond is uit en uit ‘n menslike uitvindsel, daarom is die hele debat oor vroue “priesters” ‘n hoop strooi. Hoedat ‘n hele instelling kan verdeel oor iets wat geen Bybelse basis het nie- is verstommend.

“--en tussen die sewe kandelaars Een soos die Seun van die mens met 'n kleed aan wat tot op die voete hang, en gegord om die bors met 'n goue gordel.” (Op. 1:13)

Jesus se voorkoms in Openbaring is ‘n beeld van die kleed van die Hoë Priester. Hy moes ‘n tipe van die borsplaat op Sy skouers dra en ‘n kleed wat Hy nie mag uittrek nie. Die kleed verteenwoordig die Kleed van saligheid. Die Mormone dra ‘n soort onderklere wat hulle nooit uittrek nie en die pous dra ‘n soort voorskoot of onderhemp (Scapular). Dit klink absurd, maar dit is waar die idee vandaan kom. En oor dit alles het Aaron ‘n borsplaat gedra met twaalf kentekens wat die twaalf stamme verteenwoordig.

Wanneer die Hoë Priester vir iemand se tandpyn gebid het was die gebed gebring en die taak was afgehandel. Alhoewel, die borsplaat verteenwoordig ‘n las, die las van intersessie wat die Hoë Priester dag of nag nie kon verwyder nie totdat die geveg gewen is.

Wanneer iemand die las van ‘n intersessor dra dan is dit ‘n las wat op sy hart gaan rus totdat dit beantwoord word of totdat die geveg gewen is. Dit is wat die Here Jesus nou doen; Hy dra die las van Israel en diegene wat deel geword het van Israel deur die werke wat Hy as die Hoë Priester van die Nuwe Verbond aan die kruis gedoen het. Maar let op dat hierdie kleed van Aaron aan sy seuns oorgedra moes word.

Alle gelowiges het ‘n mate van geloof van God ontvang- en “Sonder geloof is dit onmoontlik om God te behaag ” (Heb. 11:16) Maar almal het nie die gawe van geloof nie, daar is ‘n spesiale gawe van geloof (1 Kor.12:9), mense wat intersessors is het hierdie Godgegewe gawe van geloof vir ‘n sekere rede- soos wat Jesus wil. Maar elke gelowige moet nogtans ‘n lasdraer wees, nie net vir Israel nie maar ook vir die kerk--en die wat verlore is.

Val in die Gees

“En toe ek Hom sien, val ek soos 'n dooie aan sy voete; en Hy het sy regterhand op my gelê en vir my gesê: Moenie vrees nie; Ek is die eerste en die laaste.”(Ob.1:17)

Kontras dit met Sagaria 4:1: “En die engel wat met my gespreek het, het teruggekom en my gewek soos 'n man wat uit die slaap opgewek word.”

Hierdie gebeurtenis wat geken word as “Val in die Gees” kom baie keer in die Skrifte voor waar mense in God se teenwoordigheid op hulle aangesig neerval. Die term kom van Openbaring 1:17 waar Johannes soos ‘n dooie voor die voete van Jesus neergeval het. Ons sien dit ook in Daniël 10.

George Whitefield was baie ontsteld toe dit in ‘n diens van John Wesley gebeur het maar ‘n paar dae later het dit ook in sy eie gemeente gebeur. Vandag egter het dit in die meeste gevalle ontaard in ‘n emosionele hipnotiese manipulasie waar mense omgestoot word. Natuurlik sal daar vervalsings wees, maar die ware gebeurtenis is Bybels, dit gebeur.

“En hy het vir my gesê: Wat sien jy? Toe antwoord ek: Ek sien daar 'n kandelaar, heeltemal van goud, en sy oliekan bo-oor hom en sy sewe lampe op hom; telkens sewe aanvoerpype loop na die lampe wat bo-oor hom is. Ook twee olyfbome langs hom, een aan die regterkant van die oliekan en een aan die linkerkant daarvan.”

“Daarop het ek begin spreek en aan die engel wat met my gespreek het, gesê: Wat beteken dit, my heer? En die engel wat met my gespreek het, antwoord en sê vir my: Weet jy dan nie wat dit beteken nie? En ek het gesê: Nee, my heer.”

“Toe antwoord hy en sê vir my: Dit is die woord van die HERE aan Serubbábel, naamlik: Nie deur krag of deur geweld nie, maar deur my Gees, sê die HERE van die leërskare.

“Wie is jy, groot berg? Voor Serubbábel sal jy tot 'n gelykte word! En hy sal die sluitsteen te voorskyn bring onder uitroepe van: Genade, genade oor hom!”

“En die woord van die HERE het tot my gekom en gesê: Die hande van Serubbábel het die fondament van hierdie huis gelê, en sy hande sal dit voltooi; dan sal jy weet dat die HERE van die leërskare my na julle gestuur het.”

“Want wie verag die dag van klein dinge, terwyl daardie sewe--die oë van die HERE wat die ganse aarde deurloop--met blydskap die skietlood aanskou in die hand van Serubbábel? “Daarop het ek begin spreek en aan hom gesê: Wat beteken hierdie twee olyfbome aan die regterkant van die kandelaar en aan die linkerkant daarvan?”

“En ek het toe nogmaals gespreek en vir hom gesê: Wat beteken die twee olyftakkies aan die kant van die twee goue pype wat goud uit hulle laat uitstroom? Toe antwoord hy my en sê: Weet jy nie wat dit beteken nie? En ek het gesê: Nee, my heer. En hy sê: Dit is die twee gesalfdes wat by die HERE van die ganse aarde staan.” (Sag. 4:2-14)

Op ‘n manier reflekteer die fisiese tempel die waarheid van die hemel, en op ‘n manier reflekteer dit ‘n sekere waarheid oor die kerk. Dit is wat Openbaring probeer om bymekaar te bring, Sagaria 4 reflekteer die sewe kandelare (lampe) in Openbaring wat ook die sewe kerke is, en die twee gesalfdes sien ons weer in Openbaring 11. Mense sê hulle verteenwoordig Moses wat fisies gesterf het en Elia wat deur God opgeneem was; ander beweer dit is Moses en Henog, omdat Henog ook in die Hemel opgeneem is.

Dit is interessant dat die frase “seun van die mens” in Openbaring 1:13 voorkom. Waar dit in die Ou Testament voorkom leer dit ons iets oor Jesus. Daniël en Esegiël is tipes van Jesus.

Esegiël is ‘n hoof tipe van Jesus. En in Daniël 10:9 sê hy: “---en toe ek die geluid van sy woorde hoor, het ek bewusteloos op my aangesig, met my aangesig op die aarde, geval.” (Hy het ook geval)

Paulus skryf: “Dit is waarlik vir my nie nuttig om te roem nie, want ek sal kom tot gesigte en openbaringe van die Here. Ek weet van 'n man in Christus, veertien jaar gelede--of dit in die liggaam was, weet ek nie, of buite die liggaam, weet ek nie, God weet dit--dat so iemand weggeruk is tot in die derde hemel.

En ek weet van so 'n man--of dit in die liggaam of buite die liggaam was, weet ek nie, God weet dit-- dat hy weggeruk is in die Paradys en onuitspreeklike woorde gehoor het wat 'n mens nie mag uitspreek nie. Want as ek sou wil roem, sou ek nie 'n dwaas wees nie, want ek sou die waarheid praat; maar ek laat dit ná, sodat niemand my hoër mag skat as wat hy van my sien of wat hy van my hoor nie. En dat ek my oor die voortreflikheid van die openbaringe nie sou verhef nie, is my 'n doring in die vlees gegee, 'n engel van die Satan, om my met die vuis te slaan, dat ek my nie sou verhef nie.” (2 Kor. 12:1-7)

Dit is duidelik Paulus praat van homself, dit het heel moontlik gebeur toe hulle hom gestenig het en hulle gedink het hy is dood. (Hand. 14:9) Dit was ‘n tipe van die wegraping, op ‘n manier was hy weggeruk na die hemel. Dit het ook met Sagaria, Elia, Esegiël en Henog gebeur.

Al hierdie Skrif gedeeltes vertel ons iets oor wat gaan gebeur: “---en die wat in Christus gesterf het, sal eerste opstaan. Daarna sal ons wat in die lewe oorbly, saam met hulle in wolke weggevoer- (Rapturo / Latyn—dit is waar die woord Rapture in die AV vandaan kom)- word die Here tegemoet in die lug; en so sal ons altyd by die Here wees.” 1Thes. 4:16-17)

Met die Verheerliking van Jesus op die berg (Mat. 17) het Elia wat nie gesterf het nie, en Moses wat gesterf het- en niemand weet waar sy graf is nie- skielik verskyn. Maar elkeen van hulle was in ‘n wit kleed van heil en heerlikheid geklee.

Of ‘n gelowige sterf of nie sterf nie, almal sal dieselfde wees. Wat gaan met hulle gebeur wanneer hulle sterf? Dit is die groot vraag wat Openbaring verduidelik. Op ‘n manier sal gelowiges wat al vir eeue “slaap” opgewek en opgeneem word om verewig by die Here te wees. Mense soos Paulus en Johannes het ‘n voorsmaak daarvan gehad—“Onuitspreeklike dinge”. (2 Kor. 12:14)

Die Getroue Getuie met ‘n Nuwe Liggaam.

Volgende is die konsep van die Getroue Getuienis... “ en van Jesus Christus, die getroue getuie, die eersgeborene uit die dode en die Owerste oor die konings van die aarde! Aan Hom wat ons liefgehad het en ons van ons sondes gewas het in sy bloed.” (Op. 1:5)

Jesus word beskryf as “die Getroue Getuienis.” Maar in die Psalms... “Sy (Dawid se) nageslag sal vir ewig wees en sy troon soos die son voor My. Soos die maan sal hy vir ewig vasstaan, en die getuie in die hemel is getrou. Maar U het self verstoot en verag, U het toornig geword teen u gesalfde.” (U Messias) (Ps. 89:36-38) Maar in Openbaring word die getroue getuie beskryf as Jesus wat verwerp was maar wat lewe tot in alle ewigheid.

As ons in Openbaring na die Hemelse hof kyk dan kan ons sien hoe God hemelse of geestelike dinge gebruik om fisiese dinge te beskryf. “--en sy voete soos blink koper wat gloei soos in 'n oond, en sy stem soos die stem van baie waters.” (Op.1:15) Let op dat koper te doen het met oordeel.

“Ons ken dus van nou af niemand meer na die vlees nie; en al het ons ook Christus na die vlees geken, nou ken ons Hom tóg nie meer so nie.” (2 Kor. 5:16)

Paulus sê wat Johannes gesê het, hy het Hom in Sy verheerlikte gestalte gesien. Johannes het Jesus intiem beter geken as enige ander dissipel; met die Laaste Nagmaal hy het met sy kop teen Jesus se bors gelê. Maar toe Johannes Jesus in Sy Verheerlikte vorm sien was dit vir hom soos die verskil tussen ‘n wurm en skoelapper. Na ‘n lewens klimaks in die dood in ‘n kokon, wat die graf simboliseer, het die wurm ‘n gedaante verandering ondergaan na ‘n pragtige nuwe skepping. Gelowiges is bestem om Jesus te volg. Eendag sal alle gelowiges net so pragtig wees soos ‘n skoelapper wat uit ‘n larwe gekom het. Wanneer hulle in die hemel kom en in ‘n spieël kyk gaan hulle hulself nie ken nie.

Redding, Gered en Weergebore.

Let op daar is drie aspekte van redding: Ek was gered, ek is gered, en ek gaan gered word.

En ook: Ek was weergebore, ek is weergebore en ek gaan weergebore word. Die vorige aspek van redding word “regverdiging” genoem.

Almal het gesondig deurom te lieg en te steel, ens. Maar hulle is geregverdig—hulle was gered – omdat Jesus die prys vir hulle sondes betaal het, en hulle het bely en hulle bekeer en Hom gedank en opgehou om dit weer te doen. Maar tans word gelowiges nog steeds gered en hulle word nog steeds geregverdig—aanmekaar elke dag—

“En Hy sê vir almal: As iemand agter My aan wil kom, moet hy homself verloën en sy kruis elke dag opneem en My volg.” (Luk. 9:23)

“Ek is met Christus gekruisig, en ék leef nie meer nie, maar Christus leef in my. En wat ek nou in die vlees lewe, leef ek deur die geloof in die Seun van God wat my liefgehad het en Homself vir my oorgegee het.” (Gal. 2:20)

Elke dag in die lewe wat hulle nou lewe is hulle nog steeds gered. Die teenwoordige aspek van redding is “regverdiging.” En in die toekoms gaan hulle gered word. “Maar wie volhard tot die einde toe, hy sal gered word.” (Mat. 24:13)

Dis is verlossing wat met die einde van die eeu sal plaasvind, ‘n toekomstige gebeurtenis.

“En as hierdie dinge begin gebeur, kyk dan na bo en hef julle hoofde op, omdat julle verlossing naby is.” Luk. 21:28)

Kyk weer na die verbintenis tussen Genesis, Johannes en Openbaring en die herhaalde verskyning in die tuin en die “Boom van die Lewe.” Dit is hoekom die Boom van die Lewe in die Brief aan Efese genoem word. “--Aan hom wat oorwin, sal Ek gee om te eet van die boom van die lewe wat binne in die paradys van God is.” (Op 2:7) Wat in die Tuin verlore gegaan het sal terug gegee word.

Daar is ‘n drieledige parallelle gebeurtenis hier:

  1. Skepping- Dit was in Genesis.
  2. Nuwe Skepping—Dit is die Evangelie, ‘n nuwe lewe in Christus—nou.
  3. Herskepping—Wat volgens Openbaring sal gebeur.

Die drie gaan saam. Dit is waarom dieselfde figure, dieselfde simbole, dieselfde taal herhaaldelik in die Skrifte voorkom. Byvoorbeeld, wat sien ons in Openbaring 6:9? Die martelare onder die altaar roep uit, hulle is gedood as gevolg van die Woord van God en die getuienis waarvoor hulle gestaan het.

En wat is onder die altaar? Dit is waar die bloed afloop in die grond. Wat word uitgelig in Genesis? Abel se bloed roep uit die aarde. En in Johannes? Die bloed van Jesus vloei uit Hom op die grond.

Of ook- met die skepping in Genesis skei God die lig van die duisternis. In Johannes se Evangelie skei God die lig van die duisternis in die nuwe skepping. In Johannes se Evangelie het Jesus gekom as die Lig van die wêreld, maar die mens het die duisternis verkies omdat hulle dade boos was. (Joh. 3:19)

Onbekeerde sondaars verlang nog steeds na duisternis, en baie sonde word nog steeds onder die dekmantel van die duisternis gedoen. Maar God kan in die donker sien, Hy weet alles en sondes wat bely is- is uitgevee. Gelowiges moet leer om altyd in die Lig te loop. En laastens, met die herskepping in Openbaring is die Lam die lamp- en die heerlikheid van God is die Lig. (Op.21:23)

Wat Jesus vir die Efesiërs gesê het.

Daar is drie spesifieke dinge in die Brief aan Efese wat ons ernstig na moet kyk: Eerstens, valse apostels; Tweedens, hulle eerste liefde wat hulle verloor het; Derdens, die werke van die Nikolaïete.

Jesus was aan elke kerk voorgestel met sekere aspekte van die gesig wat die Goddelike Jesus aan Johannes in Hoofstuk 1 gegee het. Aan Efese, die kerk wie se naam “nie voortdurend” beteken, Jesus was beskryf as “Die Een wat tussen die sewe goue kandelare wandel”, en in Op.1:20 sien ons dit is die sewe kerke.

Op ‘n manier is Jesus in al hierdie kerke teenwoordig. Dit is belangrik- omdat Efese ‘n kerk was wat sy eerste liefde verloor het. Hulle skaar hulle by ‘n Griekse mentaliteit met die idee dat die hemel daarbo is en die aarde daaronder - afgeskei van die hemel, so- die mens is geskei van Jesus.

Efese moet daaraan herinner word dat Hy altyd tussen die kandelare, die kerke beweeg. Hy is altyd saam met die gelowiges al kan hulle Hom nie sien nie. Dit is merkwaardig dat Jesus altyd met woorde van lofprysing begin. (Paulus doen dit in sy briewe en dit is ook ‘n goeie beginsel vir ons.)

“Ek ken jou werke en jou arbeid en jou lydsaamheid, en dat jy slegte mense nie kan verdra nie; en dat jy dié op die proef gestel het wat sê dat hulle apostels is en dit nie is nie, en hulle leuenaars bevind het; en dat jy verdra het en lydsaamheid besit, en ter wille van my Naam gearbei en nie moeg geword het nie.” (Op. 2:2-3)

Jesus beklemtoon hulle getrouheid en die feit dat hulle valse apostels nie kon verdra nie. Let op hoe Hy hulle prys omdat hulle hierdie mense op die proef gestel het.

“Want ek is jaloers oor julle met 'n goddelike jaloersheid, want ek het julle aan een man verbind, om julle as 'n reine maagd aan Christus voor te stel.” (2 Kor. 11:2)

‘n Ware apostel se sentrale doel is om hom as ‘n reine maagd aan die bruidegom voor te stel— “Maar ek vrees dat, net soos die slang Eva deur sy listigheid bedrieg het, julle sinne so miskien bedorwe kan raak, vervreemd van die opregtheid teenoor Christus.”

Let op dat in Openbaring is daar ‘n slang en ‘n draak—Die twee vorms van Satan. Die draak vervolg die kerk en die slang verlei die kerk.--

“ Want as iemand kom en 'n ander Jesus verkondig as wat ons verkondig het, of as julle 'n ander gees ontvang as wat julle ontvang het, of 'n ander evangelie as wat julle aangeneem het, laat julle jul dit goed geval. Want ek reken dat ek niks agterstaan by dié uitnemende apostels nie. En al is ek ook onbedrewe in woord, dan tog nie in kennis nie; maar ons het ten volle in alle opsigte openbaar geword by julle.” (2 Kor. 11:4-6)

Kyk wat sê Paulus: “As iemand kom en ‘n ander evangelie preek” Maar wat is ‘n “ander” evangelie? Let op dit wat gepreek word is grootliks reg, alles klink reg, die feit is, as dit nie reg geklink het nie sal dit nie mislei nie. Maar dit sal altyd die een belangrike waarheid waarop al die ander waarhede gegrond is verdraai, en dit is: Christus gekruisig, Christus kom weer. Dit is die absolute waarheid en al die ander waarheid moet op hierdie waarheid gebaseer wees.

Christus wat gesterf het, Christus wat opgestaan het- dit is die absolute waarheid. Jesus is die Waarheid: Ons het Die waarheid van die kruis, Die waarheid van die leë graf, en Die Waarheid van die Olyfberg waar Hy sal terugkeer. Al die ander waarhede moet op hierdie drievoudige waarheid gebou word.

As iemand enige ander waarheid vat, alhoewel dit ‘n waarheid is, en daarvan ‘n sentrale waarheid maak dan verdraai dit die drievoudige sentrale waarheid van Christus, Hy as die gekruisigde, en Christus, Hy as die opgestane, en Christus, Hy wat weer kom. Dit verdraai nie net nie, maar dit verduister ook, en dit wat verduister word– word uit die beeld weggeneem.

Ondersteuners van die valse voorspoed geloof het ‘n waarheid, maar hierdie waarheid is alleen geldig as jy daarna kyk in die lig van die hoof geloof: Die kruisiging, opstanding en die beloofde wederkoms van Jesus. ‘Hierdie mense beklemtoon nie n gekruisigde lewe nie, hulle het nie die ou lewe afgelê nie, in plaas daarvan vat hulle die miljoene vir hulleself! So word die sentrale waarheid vervang met ander waarheid en hierdie alternatiewe waarheid verander in ‘n leuen.

Daar is mense wat God se eindtyd doelwit vir Israel en die Jode aanvaar het, en dit is inderdaad ‘n waarheid, maar hulle het gegaan en van Israel die sentrale waarheid gemaak inplaas van Jesus. En wat gebeur? Die boodskap van die kruis word verduister.

Daar is organisasies wat dit hulle prioriteit gemaak het om die Jode terug te bring na Israel, hulle is lief vir hulle en seën hulle so goed as wat hulle kan, maar- hulle het ‘n belofte afgelê om hulle nie te evangeliseer nie. Kan jy jouself indink dat Petrus, Johannes of Paulus so iets sou gedoen het?

Valse Apostels

“Maar wat ek doen, sal ek nog doen om die aanleiding af te sny vir die wat 'n aanleiding wil hê, sodat hulle in die saak waar hulle op roem, net soos ons bevind mag word.” (2 Kor. 11:12)

Met ander woorde dit mense wat as apostels gesien wil word. Jesus sê vir diegene in Efese wat ore het- hulle moet luister. “Ek ken jou werke-- dat jy dié op die proef gestel het wat sê dat hulle apostels is en dit nie is nie, en hulle leuenaars bevind het;” (Op. 2:2)

Paulus gaan verder en hy sê:

“Want sulke mense is valse apostels, bedrieglike arbeiders wat hulleself verander in apostels van Christus. En geen wonder nie! Want die Satan self verander hom in 'n engel van die lig. Dit is dus niks besonders wanneer sy dienaars hulle ook voordoen as dienaars van geregtigheid nie. Maar hulle einde sal wees volgens hulle werke.” (2 Kor.11:13-15)

En wat is die konteks waarin Paulus praat? “’n “Ander evangelie”. Hulle het hulle oë van Jesus en die kruis afgehaal- die sentrale boodskap, en dinge het verkeerd begin loop. Elke valse apostel maak op die een of ander manier dieselfde fout. Hulle haal hulle oë van die sentrale waarheid af, Christus en Hom die gekruisigde, die Opgestane en Hy wat weer kom en hulle beklemtoon ‘n ander waarheid en maak daarvan die sentrale waarheid.

Ware Apostels.

Daar is tenminste vier soorte apostels in die Nuwe Testament. Eerstens en die belangrikste is daar Jesus self. “Daarom, heilige broeders, deelgenote van die hemelse roeping, let op die Apostel en Hoëpriester van ons belydenis, Christus Jesus,.” (Heb. 3:1)

In Hebreërs en in Openbaring 1 word Jesus geken as die Hoë Priester. Maar in Grieks in Hebreërs 3:1 word Jesus beklemtoon as Die Apostel. Alle ander apostels kry hulle apostoliese gesag van Jesus af- “Die Apostel en Hoë Priester”.

Maar daar is drie ander tipes apostels. Eerstens was daar die oorspronklike twaalf, Jesus het twaalf aangestel (gemagtig)

“En toe dit dag geword het, het Hy sy dissipels na Hom geroep en twaalf van hulle uitgekies, wat Hy apostels genoem het..” (Lk. 6:13)

Dan was daar Paulus, hy was nie een van die oorspronklike twaalf nie, daar is mense wat vertel dat die apostels aanmatigend opgetree het toe hulle Matthías aangestel het, hulle moes vir Paulus gewag het, maar dit sou ‘n fout gewees het, kyk na Handelinge 1:21.

Toe Judas selfmoord gepleeg het- het hulle vir iemand gesoek om hom te vervang uit manne wat die hele tyd saam met hulle was toe die Here Jesus saam met hulle was, dit is vanaf die doop van Johannes. Die ander apostels was dissipels van Johannes die Doper en was heel moontlik deur hom gedoop voordat hulle dissipel van Jesus geword het. Paulus was nie.

So, daar was Jesus Die Apostel, die twaalf en die unieke geval van Paulus en laastens was daar manne soos Apollos en Barnabas wat in Hand. 14:14 ook apostels genoem was.

Die woord “apostel” beteken eenvoudig: ‘weg van sy pos’ of- “een wat gestuur is.”

Al soort apostel wat vandag in die kerk kan bestaan is kerkplanter sendelinge wat gestuur word deur hulle huiskerke. Waar kan die Bybelse model vir ‘n kerkplanter sendeling gesien word?

Handelinge 13, Paulus het geweet hy is ‘n apostel, God het dit vir hom deur Ananías in Damaskus gesê. “---hy is vir My 'n uitverkore werktuig om my Naam te dra voor nasies en konings en die kinders van Israel.” (Hand. 9:15)

Paulus was geroep as ‘n apostel vir die Heidene. Maar let op wat gebeur. Paulus het eers sewentien jaar later met sy bediening begin toe dit deur die Heilige Gees in die gemeente bevestig is. Eers toe en na dit het die kerk hom uitgestuur.

Vandag is daar baie Christene wat aanspraak maak dat hulle apostels is, (Die “Here het vir my gesê” tipe) maar hulle moet kyk wat staan in Hand. 13.

Paulus het nie as ‘n apostel uitgegaan voordat dit nie in die gemeente en aan hom bevestig was nie, maar let op, het God net vir Paulus gestuur? Nee, die Heilige Gees het gesê.

“Sonder nou Bárnabas en Saulus vir My af vir die werk waarvoor Ek hulle geroep het.”

Die Nuwe Testamentiese basis model vir kerkleiers is ‘n meervoudige stelsel. Al was Paulus ‘n kerkplanter sendeling was hy nog steeds gejuk en in onderdanigheid.

Mense wat vandag aanspraak maak op apostelskap is mense wat hulle eie koppe volg, outokrate op ‘n ego baan. Hulle mag miskien reg begin het maar hoogmoed en trots het hulle ingehaal. Baie kerke word vandag geken as so en so se kerk, dit is onbybels. Hulle staan nie onder gesag nie, hulle is nie onderdanig aan iemand nie. Paulus het altyd aan Antiochíë gerapporteer. Met leerstellige probleme in Handelinge 15 was hy onderdanig aan die gesag van die ouderlinge en die ander apostels, en hy het altyd Barnabas en Lukas saam met hom gehad, so was dit.

Daar is vandag baie kerkplanter bedieninge en predikers maar as hulle wettig is sal hulle Skriftuurlik optree. So, as jy mense sien wat hulleself apostels noem dan is dit ‘n Bybelse beginsel om hulle te toets of hulle ware apostels is. Jesus het die Efese gemeente geprys omdat hulle dit gedoen het.

Om jou Eerste liefde te verloën.

Die tweede ding wat Jesus vir Efese gesê het was dat hulle- hulle eerste liefde verloor het. Dit gebeur. Wanneer iemand tot redding gekom het dan dink mense om so ‘n nuwe gelowige dat hy of sy nie lekker is nie. Daar was ‘n geval waar ‘n nuwe gelowige aangekeer was omdat hulle gedink het hy was vol dwelms, hulle het sy geldkaart gebrand en hom uit sy privaat skool gesit en sy pa het dit goedgekeur, toe hy sy hart vir Jesus gegee het wou sy pa hom skiet!

Baie nuwe gelowiges dink hulle is die volgende Paulus, hulle mag miskien dom klink maar hulle het ‘n ywer. ‘n Kerk moet bedryf word deur die wysheid van die ou skape maar met die ywer van ‘n nuwe bekeerling. Maar helaas, vandag vat die lou warm kerk ‘n nuwe weergebore Christen en maak van hom ‘n lou warm Christen. Hulle het hulle eerste liefde verloor. Maar mense wat nog steeds hierdie geesdriftige eerste liefde het- intimideer ander mense deur die krag, blydskap en passie van die Heilige Gees wat in hulle is.

Die eerste eeu se apostoliese kerk word in baie gevalle gereken as die ideale kerk, en op ‘n manier is dit waar, maar die gelowiges in daardie tyd het ook maar hulle probleme gehad! Hulle probleme was in baie gevalle dieselfde as vandag.

Hipper-charismaties- Charismatiese ekstremiste, die Korinte tipe, mense in Thessaloníka met ‘n verdraaide idee van die Laaste Dae, wettiese Christene in Galásië wat reëls by die Evangelie wou byvoeg, dit het daardie tyd gebeur en dit gebeur vandag nog. Daar is niks nuut onder die son nie.

Maar waar het hulle probleme begin? Die manier waarop probleme nog altyd begin. Wat gebeur in ‘n huwelik? ‘n Persoon wat sy eerste liefde verloor!

Wanneer my vrou op my senuwees begin werk dan dink ek terug hoe ons hand aan hand op die Dooie See se strand geloop het, ek saam met hierdie Israeliese meisie waarvan ek nie my oë kon afhou nie—hierdie meisie wat ek in die strate van Jerusalem na Jesus gelei het. Ek onthou toe ek saam met haar by die see van Galiléa geloop het en vir haar van die basiese waarhede van die Bybel vertel het. Dit is die persoon op wie ek verlief geraak het en dit is die persoon, wat ek in my hart van harte nog steeds lief het. As jy getroud is, dink terug aan daardie tyd, en manne wees lief vir haar. Om jou eerste liefde te vergeet is ‘n natuurlike tendens, maar elke persoon is veronderstel om sy eerste liefde vir Jesus te onthou, dit is wat Jesus vir die Efesiërs gesê het.

Wanneer daar ‘n ware herlewing in ‘n kerk kom dan is almal vol lewe en vrees in die heiligheid van God- maar na ‘n tyd begin hierdie eerste liefde verflou- en wat gebeur na ‘n tyd?

Daar is twee dinge wat gebeur wanneer mense begin om hulle eerste liefde te vergeet:

  1. Die kwaliteit en kwantiteit van hulle gebeds lewe begin afneem.
  2. Hulle verloor hulle evangeliese ywer.

Hulle het nie meer dieselfde begeerte om vir mense te vertel wat Jesus vir hulle gedoen het nie. Baie mense se verskoning is dat hulle nie Evangeliste is nie. Ja dit is waar, almal van ons is nie evangeliste nie, maar almal van ons kan getuig. Jesus sê: “Julle sal My getuies wees” (Hand. 1:8)

Daar is niemand wat nie ‘n traktaatjie kan uitgee nie, of wat aan deure kan klop om ‘n verhouding vas te stel nie. Die Here Jesus het ‘n bediening vir elke gelowige, as jy nie weet wat dit is nie, vra Hom wat jy vir Hom kan doen. Daar is nie ‘n Christen wat nie geroep is om ‘n Christen getuie te wees nie.

Die werke van die Nikolaïete.

“Maar dit het jy, dat jy die werke van die Nikolaïete haat, wat Ek ook haat. (Op 2:6)

Laastens, Jesus het die Efesiërs geprys omdat hulle die werke van die Nikolaïete gehaat het wat Hy ook haat.

Die Bybel verklaar homself en die woorde “Nico” en Laite saam- beteken “onderdrukkers van mense” of “heersers van die leke”. Dit impliseer ‘n geestelike leiers klas soos die Levitiese priesters wat soos ‘n god oor hulle broers heers.

Voordat Satan heidense praktyke in ‘n kerk vestig gaan hy probeer om van hulle Jode te maak. Wat het in Galasië gebeur? Hulle wou die Griekse bekeerlinge besny, hulle het die evangelie van Jesus verkondig en dinge soos die besnydenis bygevoeg. Vandag is dieselfde, daar is die Sewende dag Adventiste wat glo jy mag nie op ‘n Sondag werk nie, hulle voeg ‘n gedeelte van die Wet by.

So, in plaas van ‘n priesterorde van alle gelowiges het die Nicolaïte gegaan en ‘n ander priester orde saamgestel, ‘n heersende klas. Dit kom uit ‘n gedeeltelike Gnostiese invloed met die idee dat daar ‘n spesiale geheime kennis of krag aan sekere spesiale uitverkose of geleerde mense gegee is. Ja daar is leiers; ja daar is ouderlinge, apostels, profete, evangeliste, leraars, daar is herders, bewaarders van ons siele, en- dank God daar is. Maar ‘n uitverkore “priesterorde”? Heersers oor die laite- leke? Moet ons hierdie mense verdra? Is daar geen redding vir iemand wat nie onder die gesag van hierdie mense wil staan nie? Dit is wat hierdie leiers wil hê en die gewone mense moet dit glo!

Wanneer mense op ‘n een of ander soort apostoliese gesag aanspraak maak en ‘n vermoë het om mense se lewe te beheer, dan is daar net een oplossing en dit is: Toets hulle!

Voldoen hulle aan die Bybelse voorskrifte van ‘n apostolies gesag? Is hulle self gebonde en onder gesag soos Paulus en Barnabas, rapporteer hulle terug aan Antiogië of ontmoet hulle ander apostels en ouderlinge in Jerusalem om sekerheid te verkry oor die evangelie wat hulle verkondig? Of is hulle Nicolaïte? Jesus sê baie duidelik Hy haat hulle werke.

Wanneer daar ‘n Nikolaitiese priester orde of priesterskap ontwikkel dan gaan mense uitgesluit word en hulle gaan geestelik en sielkundig seerkry.

In Ierland is daar ‘n priester in elke dorp, maar dit is ook ‘n land met die hoogste alkoholisme en skisofrenie getalle in die wêreld. Maar dit word ook in nuwe kerke gesien. Dit wat hulle “Apostoliese gesag noem—al is dit van ‘n pous of ‘n swaarhand pastoor of predikant—kan ook ‘n teken wees van ‘n Nicolaït.

Samevatting

Dit moet elke gelowige se hartsbegeerte en gebed wees, dat die kerk van ons dag sal terugkeer na haar eerste liefde. Wanneer ons Jesus weer sal liefkry soos toe ons tot bekering gekom het, en ons weer sal glo soos ‘n kind, en Hom altyd so sal liefhê, dan kan niks verkeerd gaan nie. Hy sal die wat Hom so liefhet bewaar.

Jacob Prasch

11/2012

1ste >>> 5de Eeu-----Apostoliese kerk---Pre-Nisiaanse Kerk----- 4de >>> 12de eeu------Opkoms van die Institusionele Kerk---- 11de >>> 16de eeu------Die Donker Eeue----

15de >>> 18de eeu------Die Reformasie--- 17de >>> 20ste eeu----Groot Ontwaking----

20ste eeu>>> Die Afvallige Kerk>>>


October 12, 2026
Written by - Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM Examples abound in history of how the responses to innovations in technology that disrupted and transformed the nature of warfare have taken a delayed time to be adapted. Chain mail and armour had to be altered and bolstered to repel arrows from the English Longbow in Medieval Europe, but this didn't occur in time to the dismay of the French at Agincourt. It took the Spanish decades to redesign their cumbersome Galleons that lay prey to the swifter English ships. Napoleonic era field tactics were still being employed during the American Civil War, with mass charges mowed down by the Gatling barrel machine gun. Trench warfare was only later embraced during WWI. With the cheap manufacture of drones and the advances in AI a new chapter has opened in how war is waged in our own time. The conflicts in Ukraine and Iran have demonstrated how asymmetric warfare has become as much an economic calculation as a game of cat and mouse. Drones (and relatively cheaply manufactured ballistic missiles by Iran) are being shot down at great expense. AI which has been extensively deployed for target identification in Gaza is also proving to be a vital tool in hunting incoming drones. But as in the delayed development of military countermeasures historically, drones are ahead of AI in the battlefield. This is reflected in the enormity of Russian military casualties that have fallen victim to Ukrainian drones. AI is able to cut through the 'background noise' of distracting projectiles, birds and other debris to home in efforts to eliminate the actual drone target. The magic formula is speed and precision. Humans can detect and assess a threat, but AI can process radar, cameras and other sensors almost instantly, and with increasing accuracy predict where a drone intends to strike. When swamped with a wave drone attack, AI acts to identify and track the multiple threats. AI can also help decide how to respond. Depending on the system, the response could involve electronic warfare, an interceptor drone, a missile or a gun-based system. Ukraine has installed automated machine gun turrets instructed by AI to protect Kiev. In some cases, humans still make the final decision to engage, while AI handles the calculations and tracking required to make that decision quickly. More broadly, drone warfare is becoming a contest between autonomous systems. The challenge is no longer simply building a better missile or a better drone. It is building a system that can see the threat first, understand it quickly and respond before the drone reaches its target. In that sense, AI is becoming a critical part of air defence. The advantage may increasingly belong to whoever can make the fastest and most accurate decisions—not necessarily whoever manufactures the most expensive weapons. AI's pace of progress is exponential. It is beyond comprehension what capacity could be realized in even the next 2-3 years. The combination of drones, robotics and AI may render the traditional military hardware of tanks, frigates and fighter jets almost functionally obsolete. The development of AI's course of military application will be largely directed by the conflicts where it is deployed. In the pre-AI world of 1987, the black Friday market crash during the Reagan Administration saw a dangerous drop in the Dow, where computer analysis issued sell orders against a background of Reagan's massive budget deficits. Amidst Reagan's budget deficits this created an environment where social security was looted to fund defence spending. A supposed conservative President ran a fiscal policy with simultaneous increases in the Pentagon budget, coupled with tax cuts. The computer generated sell off was beyond the functional control of brokers and market makers, while the Soviets attempted to engineer market irregularities affecting the American economy which had further global ramifications due to massive American trade deficits with Japan under Reagan. The current Securities exchange environment is at best no less complex now. Given the spectre of what transpired in 1987 with computerised over control of stock exchange trading, and a shadow hanging over the bond market we are left to ponder could another such scenario be triggered in the age of AI? And even more illuminous prospect over shadows us now with the question can AI gain a decision-making operational capacity over command-and-control decisions. Certainly, for tactical weapons systems or even a doomsday scenario with Russia, China, India or Pakistan placing nuclear launch control in the hands of AI that could result in an exchange that either the US, Britain, France or Israel would be forced to react to. Without scaremongering it is necessary for strategic planners to prevent the nuclear powers that be from arriving at the precipice of such an abyss.
September 21, 2026
The interlinked nature of third-party involvement in the ongoing conflicts in Iran and Ukraine has increasingly come to the fore in recent weeks. It emerged that China has not only been providing Iran with radar systems, navigation tools, and electronic warfare technology, but also high-resolution satellite imagery and geospatial data to direct its rockets. The same great-power relationships that are shaping the Middle East are affecting the conduct and constraints of the war in Ukraine. It is apparent that a reciprocation in kind is dictating Russia's conduct towards the US in Iran. Intelligence and targeting support mirror similar U.S. assistance to Ukraine. But this picture becomes murkier when considering the backroom accommodations Trump is willing to give Putin. Recently, Trump pressured Zelensky to stop targeting Russian diesel infrastructure, saying the attacks were causing a shortage of the fuel that is "hurting the world." The U.S. national average price for diesel, which is used by trucks, trains, ships, and farm equipment, rose above six dollars a gallon for the first time last Thursday. Such interventions demonstrate how developments on the battlefield in Ukraine can no longer be considered independently of wider economic and geopolitical calculations. China has been using tankers that are already at sea, when that runs out the American blockade will create shortage problems for the Chinese economy, as China no longer gets Venezuelan oil and is reliant on Iran and international spot market prices. The war with Iran is now spreading to Yemen, with the Houthis attempting to replicate the Iranian chokehold model perfected in the Strait of Hormuz. The strategic importance of controlling or threatening critical maritime chokepoints is central to the wider contest. What happens in the Gulf can therefore have consequences for shipping, energy markets, and military calculations far beyond the immediate theatre. So far, the US has declined Saudi requests to slow the Houthi advance. Neither Turkey nor Egypt seems inclined to come to Saudi Arabia's aid. This is despite the signing of a very recent mutual defence pact between Saudi Arabia, Turkey, and Pakistan. More developments can happen in these conflicts on an average day than can be afforded mention, but they should be increasingly understood as interconnected parts of a wider geopolitical confrontation. Assistance in one theatre triggers reciprocal action in another. Consequently, these cease to be discrete, containable conflicts and are extending into prolonged multinational conflicts. There is a distinct possibility that these may become frozen conflicts over time. A more terrifying eventuality is something more akin to the Thirty Years' War, which was fought in the first half of the 17th century in Europe. It is important to remember that this calamity, which ravaged Europe, began as a localized rebellion that gradually drew in more and more powers. The initial religious nature of the fighting gave way to political struggles. The mechanism by which a localized conflict becomes a multinational struggle offers a historical warning worth considering. The danger today is that a collection of individually distinct conflicts could become sufficiently interconnected that containing any one of them becomes increasingly difficult. Iran, Ukraine, Russia, China, the United States, and the conflict involving the Houthis are already linked by military assistance, intelligence, energy, trade, and strategic competition. The question, therefore, is no longer simply how any one of these conflicts ends. It is whether they can remain separate conflicts at all.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • September 12, 2026
Moriel & Jacob Prasch request prayer for our sister in Jesus - Wendy Blomkamp, widow of Brother Fred Blomkamp (now with The Lord), the founder of Moriel South Africa Branch (not to be confused with Moriel's Ebyown Aids Children's Mission in South Africa founded by David Royle). Wendy, (an equestrian rider of all things) is originally from West Yorkshire, England but has lived most of her life in South Africa and is currently in retirement in the USA. Unfortunately, Wendy is diagnosed with inoperable pre terminal cancer with cardio pullmonary complications. The Lord will either intervene supernaturally or call her home. We request prayer for Wendy and her beloved family and wisdom for her physicians. In Christ, All at Moriel
By David Passmore • September 7, 2026
The US midterm elections are around the corner and the results could have profound effects on US foreign policy concerning Israel. Much has been said about this vote being a referendum on Trump's unpopular war with Iran. But it can equally be said to be about Trump's other foreign policy engagements that are viewed rather more favourably like the overthrow of Maduro in Venezuela and his replacement with a pro-American regime. With Israel the picture is less clear. It used to be a given that Israel enjoyed bipartisan support on the Hill. You could count on the fingers of one hand the number of politicians opposed to supporting Israel - the occasional fringe Democrat representing a singular Michigan constituency with a high Arab origin demographic, or a rare odd ball Republican preaching strict isolationism. This dynamic has shifted quickly in the last decade. The Democrats have all but abandoned any inclination of a pro-Israel position. Even establishment figures like Chuck Schumer have been pressured to side with the Party's radical left wing. With 60-80% of Democrats now anti-Israel, Israel can no longer rely on Jewish Democrats to oppose anti-Zionism or antisemitism. The most outspoken Democratic member of the Senate advocating a pro-Israel position, Senator John Fetterman of Pennsylvania is being pressured to resign and leave the party even by Pennsylvania's Jewish Governor Shapiro and Soros sponsored Philadelphia Prosecutor Krasner. This is happening concurrently with mass endorsement from 170 leading Hollywood Jewish actors writing a letter of support for Mark Ruffallo - despite his antisemitic comments naming Jewish investors supporting a Hollywood studio mega merger as being associated with apartheid genocide. However most shocking, were the comments by Michigan Attorney General Dana Nessel who stood before an audience of Jewish Democrats last weekend telling them they may need to sacrifice the safety, and even the future, of their own people in exchange for saving the rest of humanity. Such rhetoric is contrary to basic human instincts of survival and self-preservation. If any other nation were suggested this course of action, I wonder what their response would be? On the Republican side the foreboding sense of an altering course towards Israel no longer seems so distant. The anti-Israel faction in the Republican party led by Tucker Carlson, Candace Owens and Nick Fuentes are now being supported by Vice President Vance. Jewish kingpins in the Trump Administration such as Witkoff and Kushner have been tied to business dealings in N.Y. with the Muslim Brotherhood controlled Qatari government through its business holdings. Should Republicans lose control of the Senate while Democrats take the House, Israel could find itself having to drastically re-access its relationship with Washington. We wouldn't see an immediate break in ties. American military, intelligence, technological and strategic cooperation with Israel is too integrated into the core of US institutions and corporations that would take a protracted period to dismantle. However, the power of Congress is in no way feeble. Congress controls funding, foreign-assistance legislation, sanctions, arms-related legislation and, perhaps most importantly, the political milieu in which an administration operates. A Democratic House combined with a Senate no longer controlled by Republicans could place enormous pressure on Trump to alter his attitude towards Israel. Practically this could entail demanding further accountability from Israel over military operations in Gaza, and the West Bank Settlers causing civilian casualties and property damage. Military aid could face more conditions or restrictions, but an immediate cutoff is unlikely. Israel has historically depended upon the presumption that regardless of who was President, there would be a robust enough bipartisan coalition in Congress to prevent a major deterioration in the relationship. Now the opposite appears true. Israel is taking the gamble of solely relying on a friendly President like Trump getting elected to maintain cordial relations. With the erosion of even much of Jewish American support for Israel and the hijacking of the Democratic party by a pro Islamist socialist left seen in Mamdani and others, Israel is forced to confront the inescapable reality that the last strong bastion of support for it is the Republican Party's evangelical base. But even younger voters in this key demographic are beginning to question support for Israel. The hostility displayed by the Haredim in Jerusalem and elsewhere against Christians including evangelicals, is to say the least counter-productive to the national interest. To attack the one friend Israel has left with a proven track record of loyalty and is vital to pro-Zionism internationally, is particularly detrimental to the national interest. It is Iran with its Mahdiist interpretations of jihad and sharia as a religious ideology that drives its hatred of Israel and the USA, and The West, to the detriment of the interests of the majority of the Iranian populace who want non hostile co-existence.  Such religious fanaticism and ideologically fuelled hatred ought not be given place in Israeli Judaism. It too, will generate adverse consequences for the majority of Israelis, including religious moderates, who desire an ongoing friendship with Evangelical Christians whose theology is not one of anti Semitism, but of proven Philo-Semitism and pro Zionism.
By David Passmore • August 21, 2026
Don't bite the hand that feeds you - Irish hypocrisy towards Israel Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM Amongst European nations, Ireland in recent years has gained the reputation as being the leading anti-Zionist country. The Irish Republic has never been favourably inclined to Israel. It only established an Embassy in Tel Aviv in 1996. In poll after poll the vast majority of the Irish public have indicated hostility towards Zionism and strong support for Palestinian Statehood. The curious aberration to this is that in British Ruled Northern Ireland support is demarcated along sectarian lines. Catholic Republican areas predictably tend to ardently support the Palestinian cause, while Protestant Unionist communities are overwhelmingly pro-Israel. Perhaps some credence can be given to sentiments of traditional Catholic antisemitism hardwired into the Irish psyche as contributing towards this disposition. It was certainly odd that the Irish government promptly sent a delegation to the Nazi German Ambassador in Dublin to convey condolences after news of Hitler's suicide broke at the end of WW2. But more concretely if you were to ask the average Irish protester on a pro-Palestine march the basis of their empathy for the Palestinian cause, they would point to the ostensible parallels between the Irish experience of fighting for independence from British colonial oppression to the plight of Palestinians living under Israeli occupation. Further remonstrations on a diplomatic level concern the actions of the IDF interreacting with Irish Peace Keepers in Southern Lebanon that have caused the deaths of several Irish Peace Keepers over the decades in friendly fire incidents. Ireland has contributed the most peace keepers to this mission per capita and the government has condemned Israel for these deaths that they view as avoidable. This animosity towards Israel is unbalanced. There are reasons to consider that Ireland and Israel have a shared experience of national liberation. Both countries fought the British in the pursuit of independence. Both countries made great efforts to resurrect their ancient languages for modern wide scale use. Both the Irish and Jews form major diaspora communities in New York. Despite all this Ireland ranks as Israel's second largest export market after the US. The preponderance of Israeli exports to Ireland comprises electronic integrated circuits, micro-assemblies, and tech manufacturing components. American multinational colossal tech corporations like Intel are substantially engrossed in this trade through the chain of supply. Ireland and Israel are hubs for design and manufacture of high-tech hardware components for US corporations. So, due to the nature of the most prosperous and competitive sectors of their respective economies, Israel and Ireland are inextricably bound in bilateral trade ties. Resolutions from the Irish government to impose sanctions on West Bank originating produce is merely perfunctory rhetoric. Such actions amount to a drop in the bucket in terms of impact to overall trade. The stark reliance of Ireland on advanced Israeli aviation equipment recently caused a spectacle when Ireland's new government jet struggled to land in heavy fog due to it being ordered without an advanced Israeli made navigation system. This was directly due to a short-sighted government decision not to buy Israeli military technology. There is a marked disparity between the official position of the Irish government designed for domestic public consumption and the economic policies that it actually pursues towards Israel. The government is acutely aware that the US is massively invested in the Irish economy and they don't want to do anything to jeopardise this. Washington demands that their enterprises in Dublin are intertwined with operations in Israel. The Irish government dare not even prevent US military supply flights refuelling at Shannon Airport on their way to Tel Aviv. The Irish government knows that times change and now the gripping social issue is the anti-immigrant/anti-Islam popular street protests. Soon the anti-Israel protests could become a mere side show only really promoted by Sinn Fein given the pressing ramifications of mass migration. So, in the meantime certain politicians will rile against the occupation, purported genocide and pass paltry sanctions against insignificant produce from the West Bank. All the while making hand over fist in money with the Israelis where it really matters in tech.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • July 31, 2026
The Tide Has Changed Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The America that Netanyahu touched down on is a changed America. The death of Lindsey Graham represents a changing of the guard. Graham was a staunch Israeli ally who will most probably become an increasingly rare breed in Washington. Sixty percent of Americans now hold a unfavourable view of Israel which politicians are finding difficult to ignore. It was once unthinkable to believe that New York City with such a strong Jewish electoral base and influence on all sectors of economic and cultural life would have a mayor that is so hostile to Israel to such an extent that he is calling for the arrest of its Prime Minister. From all accounts Netanyahu was cordially welcomed at the White House. The official press release stated that the talks were constructive. What is more telling is what was left unsaid particularly concerning the proposed sale of F35's to Israel's new regional adversary -Turkey. Trump is keen to find a swift resolution to the Iran War, while Netanyahu is opposed to a premature departure. When the US and Israel initiated their attacks on Iran over five months ago, Trump and Netanyahu appeared united in the War's goals and purpose. But as the protracted conflict has staggered to topple the Iranian regime fractures have emerged. Much has been said about the imminent political realities both leaders face. The Republicans could take a big hit in the November midterm elections should the war continue and global energy markets be negatively impacted. Netanyahu is anxious to demonstrate a big win to the Israeli public with the upcoming October election. In Israel, the Iran War is not viewed in isolation, but rather as an extension of the response to the colossal disaster of the October 7th massacre. Netanyahu must rehabilitate his reputation as a competent steward of national security having had the greatest loss of civilian life in an attack happening under his watch. Aside from the Iran issue, Trump is being pressured by Erdogan to insist upon Israeli withdrawal from Syrian territory pre-emptively seized by Israel following the toppling of Assad. Trump has also indicated disapproval of the extent of continuing Israeli measures against Hezbollah in southern Lebanon, questioning the proportionality employed. Netanyahu is not in an envious position. Throughout his tenure and political career, he lauded his ability to engage successfully with the American public by zealously advocating Israel's position. Yet under his government Israel's reputation has plummeted in the US. Trump may be the last US President to extend such overwhelming bilateral support to Israel. The days of politicians like Lindsey Graham are fast ending. While John Fetteman and Marco Rubio appear to be remaining more solid, even some of the most warmly inclined leading Republican and Democrat voices like Donald Trump and Rahm Emanuel have nuanced their support for Israel. The tide has shifted and will at best level off if not continuing to shift further.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • July 24, 2026
The Saudi Nuclear Deal: An attempt to alter the Regional Balance of Power Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The initiative to develop a civilian nuclear program in Saudi Arabia with US assistance isn't new. There were concrete plans discussed towards these ends during the first Trump Administration. The recent announcement to actualize this deal follows the geo-political regional tumult in the wake of the Iran War. Several dimensions of motivation underlie the US decision. An overarching US strategic agenda is to keep the Saudis firmly in the American sphere of influence. Washington knows all too well that the Chinese and Russians are eager to offer their nuclear technical assistance to the Saudis in order to draw them closer to their camp. On a personal note, the nuclear agreement is a significant achievement for Bin Salaman. The Saudis have long had designs to diversify their energy supplies. Having a civilian nuclear program also adds prestige to Saudi Arabia as an emerging market economy. For the US, a monopoly on contracting companies for the requisite construction offers lucrative economic opportunities. Although the Civilian Nuclear deal does not allow the enrichment of Uranium, the Saudis will be in a position to do so if Washington gives the green light. This will act as a counterbalanced threat hanging over the Iranians. After the recent flare up of renewed fighting with Iran due to their lack of adherence to the moratorium of understanding, something had to budge in Trump's estimation. A reconfiguration of the power balance in the Gulf by introducing the potential of Saudi Arabia to be able to acquire nuclear weapons shifts the dynamic and places further pressure on Iran to strictly abstain from nuclear proliferation. Despite Israeli concerns about the agreement, Trump sought to assuage their alarm by making it contingent upon Saudi Arabia normalizing relations with them. Given the inherently unstable nature of an autocratic Saudi regime Israel views a diplomatic relationship with the Saudis as being on precarious footing in the long term. Israel is already forced to contend with the implications of one nuclear armed Muslim state - Pakistan and it will further weaken its own deterrent capability if another similarly capable hostile neighbour were to emerge in the future. The roles of Turkey and Qatar in all this foray are a wild card. Officially Turkey is served under the NATO nuclear umbrella for defence that is subject to US control. However, its civilian nuclear program remains in its infancy. Now with the Saudi deal, Erdogan may be inclined to exert pressure on the US to help accelerate his own nuclear program. Just as Erdogan's efforts to acquire F35 fighter jets from the US greatly disturbed Israeli military planners, a heightened Turkish nuclear ability will intensify this fear. Qatar views itself as pursuing its own independent foreign policy that has managed to remain rather neutral during the current war, thereby escaping the ire of Iran's strikes on US regional assets. Overall, the Qatari government has grown closer to the Turkish vision for the region and so likely isn't particularly amiable to the Saudi agreement. Ultimately the Saudi deal is a gamble. Many will see it as throwing more fuel on the fire which will further imperil the tinder box region and heighten tensions. But Trump finds himself at a continuing impasse with a stubborn regime in Tehran that is leveraging their geographic hold on the straits of Hormuz to inflict damage on the global energy markets. Iranian strikes upon US Arab regional allies have underscored the de facto alliance between Israel and the Arabs against Iran and its Shia proxies. The US hopes to use the Saudi nuclear deal as a means of making this alliance official by having Saudi Arabia joining the Abraham Accords as a pre-condition.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • July 14, 2026
Circling the wagons Ruben Rothler LLB, LLM Israel is a society riddled with tension and division. It is sociologically, if not politically miraculous that a country drawing Jews from all over the world is able to exist at all. The army affords a degree of integration as a melting pot. But this is only a marginal source of national unity in the overall scheme of things. More so are the myriads of external threats that face this small country. In the former generation the Ashkenazi (Jews of European descent) - Sephardic (Jews of Oriental descent) divide was far more pronounced. The dominant Ashkenazi establishment held the reins of political and economic power which was resented by the Sephardim. However, due to a combination of inter-marriage and political accommodation much of the chasm that separated these distinct groups was forged. Menachem Begin (an Ashkenazi politician) in 1970 successfully ran on the Likud Party ticket with a campaign that brought Sephardic Jews under his conservative political umbrella. Later the immigration of Russian Jews following the end of Communism would add a whole new dimension to the Israeli demographic milieu. The younger generation of these immigrants tended to adapt well to Israeli society and contributed much to the economy. The wider division in Israeli society that crosses ethnic lines concerns that between religious and secular Jews. This can be further bifurcated to the clash between the secular and specifically ultra-orthodox Jews (Haredim) as distinguished from the national religious Jews (Dati Leumi). The Secular and the Religious generally part on what they envisage a Jewish State to entail. Religious Jews desire the State to strictly adhere to the stipulations of Jewish Law (Halacha), while at present Halakhic influence is largely limited to certain areas of Family Law concerning Jewish citizens. Wider considerations of promoting a socially conservative political agenda would also be forefront amongst the religious mindset broadly. Secular Jews view the imposition of such proposed measures as a serious infringement of their civil rights. With regard to the Haredim, the bone of contention looms larger, in that this group is fundamentally opposed to participating in society at large. This is acutely manifested in diminished contribution to the work force and a refusal to be conscripted into the army. The 2023 judicial reform protests posed a significant threat to social civil order. The nation appeared to be bitterly divided into two opposing camps. This split reflected broader divisions concerning visions of how the country should be governed. The judicial reforms would have weakened the Supreme Court's ability to render the Executive branch accountable. However, the Supreme Court was also accused of using its considerable powers to promote a socially liberal agenda. Left wing secular Israelis tended to oppose the proposed reforms while those on the right (which included the majority of Religious Jews) supported the reforms. Every weekend droves of protesters were brought onto the streets causing major disturbances to traffic. The polarising nature of this impasse threatened the future of Israeli democracy. It was the October 7th attack that brought a swift end to this public debate and civil strife. The nation instinctually united in response to this common existential threat. The judicial reforms were shelved for a future point when the urgent security threats subsided. However, as the war dragged on the enduring issue of Haredi refusal to conscript into the army became more pronounced. Mounting casualties combined with ever increasing manpower demands to field troops on the multiple theatres of action on which the IDF is engaged has depleted the ranks, and the army is now in much need of fresh conscripts. Haredi belligerent refusal to participate in the pressing national defence has escalated from being a political debate to a matter of very practical vital importance. Overall we can observe that the challenges to national unity in successive generations since the establishment of Israel has recurrently been ameliorated by the common necessity of defence towards outside threats. Most recently we can see this happening with regard to the global anti Semitism and anti-Zionism that has been raging since the October 7th atrocities. These hostile attitudes have paradoxically acted as a force which promotes nationalism and a sense of national cohesion in Israel that otherwise might not functionally exist.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore • July 8, 2026
A Divided Nation Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The Haredi community has had a complicated, paradoxical relationship with the State since its founding. Rooted in a Talmudic precept that the Jews are forbidden to resettle the land of Israel en masse by force before the coming of the Messiah, the secular democratic State of Israel presents itself as blasphemous by its mere existence. Yet due to practical considerations such as the need to obtain funding for its religious academies the Haredi leadership reached a settlement with the State's founders that exempted Haredi men from being conscripted for military service. This was at a time when the Haredi population in Israel was relatively small. Over the past decades this demographic ballooned until the point that soon the majority of Jewish children in Israel will be born into Haredi families. Such a situation is clearly unsustainable. Recently the Knesset's (Parliament's) Haredi parties have pressured their coalition partners in government to codify Torah Study as part of the Country's Basic Laws. This was purposefully done to elevate the status of their institutions to be on parity with service in the IDF. Israel is yet to promulgate a written Constitution, so legislation classed as a Basic Law holds Constitutional status for all intents and purposes. These moves by the religious parties represent a back door power grab to enshrine in law very significant hurdles to prevent the enlistment of Haredi men. The burden of Israel's defence is comparatively massive for a country its size and it is vastly disproportionately shouldered by the secular population. Until now there have been political initiatives to conscript the Haredim. But given the huge manpower shortages emerging in the wake of near continual conflict on multiple fronts since the events of October 7th this matter has become urgent and not merely a theoretical discussion of what is fair and equitable. It is important to draw a distinction between the Haredim and national religious Jews (Dati Leumi). The Haredim adhere to a lifestyle entirely committed to observance of Jewish Law and Talmudic study. This is embraced to the exclusion of gainful employment and participation in wider society. They are either outrightly opposed to Zionism or consider themselves non-Zionist. Conversely, followers of the national religious movement in Israel although being observant of Jewish law and learning would alongside this pursue secular professions. Furthermore, they are ardently Zionist and disproportionately serve in IDF combat units. This is often done within the framework of a program called Hesder Yeshiva that combines religious learning with military service. Efforts to cater a similar model for accommodating Haredi participation in the IDF have so far failed to make substantial gains. Such measures designed to override Haredi objections to service based upon modesty concerns by strict segregation of the sexes in these specially formed units have failed to appease the Haredi leadership. For them, any form of military service is considered a dereliction of their duty to fully devote themselves to a Torah lifestyle. They argue that their Talmudic learning and prayers are in itself a form of national service and act to protect the Jewish people spiritually from enemy attack. It is as if two parallel societies exist within Israel. And the trajectory of separation between the two is only growing. The Haredim are cloistered away in their Yeshivas, immersed in lives devoted to adhering to the stipulations of Jewish law. While the particulars of actually running the State is left to the Secular. The Haredim desire all the benefits of subsidizing their lifestyle without contributing to society. What we really have going on here at source is two profoundly different and opposing ideological visions of what is important in life and what is the purpose of a Jewish State. At the State's founding these divergent perspectives were more manageable. Ben Gurion only had to contend with one religious party –the National Religious Party. Later in 1970 Begin aligned with the NRP to form a coalition government that also brought Sephardic Jews under the Likud umbrella which had the effect of bringing unity to the country by bridging the Ashkenazi-Sephardi divide. However, over time Israeli politics has seen a proliferation of religious parties, gaining further leverage as king brokers in forming governments due to the proportionate representation voting system which secular Israelis not uncommonly view as political blackmail. (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).