Ephesus - Afrikaans

April 1, 2025

ÉFESE

Jakob Prasch se boek: “The Dilemma of laodicéa” bespreek die Sewe letterlike Kerke van Openbaring 2-3 wat gedurende die eerste eeu in die tyd van Johannes bestaan het.

Dit is ook sewe tipe kerke wat in enige tydperk van die Kerk geskiedenis kan bestaan; sewe algemene opvolgende tydperke van die kerk geskiedenis wat in die Laaste Dae tot en met die Wederkoms van Jesus sal bestaan.

Uit dit leer ons nie net ‘n les oor die kerk geskiedenis nie maar dit gaan ook oor hoe die geestelike patrone van elke kerk ‘n groter beeld en ook ‘n vooruitskouing is van die finale vervulling daarvan in die Laaste Dae soos in die karakter van Jesus se eie beskrywing van geboorte pyne. Hierdie boek is ‘n uitstaande hulpmiddel vir enige kerk of kerklike organisasie om hulle eie geestelike karakter op ‘n Bybelse basis te ondersoek.

Elke eeu van die Kerk word deur al sewe kerke verteenwoordig, nie net hulle unieke krag en swakhede nie, maar dit is ook ‘n beeld van hoe elke kerk reageer op geestelike aanvalle wat hulle goeie dade wil ondermyn. Omdat elke kerk in die Laaste Dae in die lig gebring sal word is dit belangrik vir elke Christen om te verstaan hoedat alles wat met hierdie sewe kerke in die geskiedenis gebeur het ook ‘n beeld is van wat vandag voor ons oë in die kerke wêreld afspeel.

- - - ÉFESE- “NIE VOORTDUREND”

--- Eerste eeu- “Skryf aan die engel van die gemeente in Éfese:

Dít sê Hy wat die sewe sterre in sy regterhand hou, wat wandel tussen die sewe goue kandelaars: Ek ken jou werke en jou arbeid en jou lydsaamheid, en dat jy slegte mense nie kan verdra nie; en dat jy dié op die proef gestel het wat sê dat hulle apostels is en dit nie is nie, en hulle leuenaars bevind het; en dat jy verdra het en lydsaamheid besit, en ter wille van my Naam gearbei en nie moeg geword het nie.

Maar Ek het teen jou dat jy jou eerste liefde verlaat het. Onthou dan waarvandaan jy uitgeval het, en bekeer jou en doen die eerste werke. Anders kom Ek gou na jou toe en sal jou kandelaar van sy plek verwyder as jy jou nie bekeer nie.

Maar dit het jy, dat jy die werke van die Nikolaïete haat, wat Ek ook haat. Wie 'n oor het, laat hom hoor wat die Gees aan die gemeentes sê. Aan hom wat oorwin, sal Ek gee om te eet van die boom van die lewe wat binne in die paradys van God is.” (Op. 2:1-7)

Die Éfese Eeu.

Efese verskil van die ander ses uit die sewe kerke omdat daar verwys word na die Apostoliese of die Efese eeu van die kerk tot en met die einde van die eerste eeu n.C. Let op dat in teenstelling met die ander ses kerke het dit geen toekomstige toepassing in ‘n ander eeu nie, hetsy in enige primêre of profetiese hoedanigheid, alhoewel die beginsels waarmee Christus beide aanbeveel en goedkeur van toepassing is op alle kerke in al die eeue. Die oorspronklike tyd raamwerk van Efese is die eeu waarin die kerk bestaan en wat Johannes gesien het. (Die skrywer glo aan ‘n klasieke Johannes outeurskap, maar die redes word nie hier bespreek nie.)

Éfese, ‘n Groot Stad-

Vandag is Efese ‘n Moslem dorp met die naam van Selsuk, ‘n gewilde plek om te besoek. Volgens tradisie en ‘n Evangeliese argeoloog uit die Verenigde State is dit die plek waar Johannes begrawe is na sy terugkeer van die eiland Patmos waar hy ‘n gevangene was.

Efese word in Johannes se brief beskryf as ‘n kerk met spesiale lamp- kandelaar- tussen die ander sewe goue kandelare wat nie een van die ander kerke gehad het nie, (Op.2:5) en as gevolg van die kerk se apostoliese assosiasies en sy Joodse wortels en vermoë om die Joodse Skrifte in hulle oorspronklike Joodse perspektief te verstaan, kon hierdie kerk dinge sien wat die ander kerke nie kon sien nie. Maar hierdie lamp of kandelaar is weggeneem. As jy vandag Efese of die dorp Selsuk besoek sal jy daar nie eers ‘n nominale Christen en nog minder ‘n weergebore Christen kry nie. Besoekers kan die bouvalle van die Tempel van Artemis bekyk, dit is waar die onluste in Paulus se bediening plaasgevind het. (Hand. 19:23-4)

Daar is plek wat geken word as “Maria se Huis” wat volgens die tradisie van die Griekse Ortodokse kerk die aftree plek van Maria en die apostel Johannes was. Vir £20 kan jy ‘n persoonlike toer reël. Maar alhoewel hierdie plek met Petrus en Paulus, Barnabas en Johannes en later met Polycarp verbind word- almal pilare van die Kerk- is daar vandag absoluut niks van enige vorm van Christelikheid te vinde nie. Dit is verstommend dat so iets in ‘n plek met so baie herinneringe aan God se Waarheid kon gebeur, hierdie geskiedenis het prakties oornag niks van geword nie.

In ongeveer 96 n.C. het Johannes die Boek Openbaring geskryf en in hierdie tyd was Efese die grootste hawe in Asië en alhoewel Pérgamus die hoofstad van die provinsie van Asië was het Efese die grootste populasie gehad- ongeveer 250,000 mense. Efese was na Rome, Alexandrië en Antiogië die vierde grootste stad in die Ryk. Daar was paaie vanaf Kolosse, Laodicéa en Galásië na die Mediterrane, en na Efese via Sardis, dus was Efese die snelweg na Rome. Efese het gespog met fabelagtige argitekture en spoggerige paaie en dinge soos ‘n 70 voet breë pad tussen boom lanings wat na die hawe toe geloop het.

Efese het ook ‘n teater met 25,000 sitplekke gehad en die Tempel van Diana (Artemis) was ook daar wat ook beskou was as een van die sewe wonders van die outydse wêreld. In die geheel gebou met marmer was dit die grootste gebou in die hele Griekse wêreld. 36 van sy 127 sestig voet hoë pilare was met goud oorgetrek, uitermatig weelderig vir die mense van daardie tyd.

Die beeld van Artemis in die teater was ‘n squat, ‘n swart veelborstige figuur, ‘n weelderige standbeeld wat in die Vatikaanse museum gesien kan word. Die beeld lyk baie soos die beelde van Maria, die moeder van Jesus. Wat ‘n feit is, is dat die Raad van Efese in die vyfde eeu hierdie Maria as die “Koningin van die Hemel” en die “Moeder van God” verklaar het, wat ‘n navolging is van die heidense aanbidding van Diana van Efese, ten spyte daarvan dat die Griekse term “Theotokos”- “Moeder van God” op geen plek in die Nuwe Testament gevind kan word nie. Lees Handelinge 15 en let op hoe heilig Artemis vir die Efésiërs was.

Hierdie selfde stad wat so intens geïdentifiseer was met die apostoliese kerk het later fundamenteel die heidense basis geword wat gesien het hoedat die hoofstroom Christendom verander het in ‘n heidense politieke Christendom.

Daar was ook tempels van keisers soos Claudius, Nero en Domitian, met ‘n standbeeld van Domitian wat vier keer groter was as normaal wat hom uitgebeeld het as Zeus- die heerser van die gode. ‘n Reuse voorarm van die beeld kan in ‘n museum gesien word.

Later toe Christene vanaf Asië ingebring was om in Rome vir die leeus gegooi te word, het Ignatius (c.35-c.110) die derde “Biskop van Antiogië”- wat self gemartel was, Efese die “Snelweg van die Martelare” genoem.

In die tyd van Keiser Domitian Pliny (c.61—c. 113) was daar gekla oor Domitian wat aangespreek was as: “Dominus et Deus Noster”— dit is: “Ons Here en ons God.” Die digter Staius het hom die “môrester” genoem, ‘n titel van die Here Jesus in die Bybel, alhoewel Lucifer ook geken wil word as die môrester. Vir hierdie rede het Domitian, wat ook gesien word as ‘n tipe van die Antichris, ‘n verpersoonliking van die duiwel- die Christene wreed vervolg.

Wat interessant is, om Domitian se aanspraak reg te stel, sien ons in die Evangelie van Johannes dat Thomas die Here Jesus aanspreek as: “My Here en my God” (Joh. 20:28) verder sien ons ook in die Openbaring van Jesus- die Here se laaste woorde: “Ek is die wortel en die geslag van Dawid, die blink môrester.” (Op. 22:16)

Daar was baie tekens van die einde van hierdie eeu in die eerste eeu. Toe Jakobus gemartel was het Simeon die senior pastoor van die Kerk in Jerusalem geword. Hy het onthou wat Jesus gesê het en hy het die gelowiges uit Jerusalem na ‘n plek wat Pella genoem was gelei. (Josephus) Al die gelowiges was gered omdat hulle gevlug het toe hulle die vervulling van al die tekens gesien het, dinge soos die tydelike onttrekking van Romeinse mag uit Jerusalem.

Maar die Jode wat agtergebly het met die besetting van Jerusalem deur Titus in 70n.C., het deur ‘n verskriklike groot verdrukking gegaan, hulle het mekaar se babas geëet- wat ook ‘n vervulling was van die waarskuwings in Deut. 28. Dit het voorheen ook gebeur toe Jerusalem deur Nebukatnessar beset was. (Eseg 5:10) Dit is ook ‘n beeld van wat weer gaan gebeur net voor Armageddon.

Vervolging.

Die keiser het mense verplig om hom op die dag van die Here te aanbid - (Op.1:10) een dag per jaar. Baie Christene het geweier om vir ‘n valse god te buig. Petrus en Paulus is doodgemaak en Rome was afgebrand. Dit is ‘n beeld van die twee martelare in Op. 11, ‘n woord wat ook “getuienis” beteken. Hierdie dinge wat werklik gebeur het is dinge wat weer aan die einde van die eeu gaan gebeur, dit is ‘n skaduwee van die finale vervulling wat kom. Efese as die middelpunt van Heidense aanbidding gee vir ons ‘n baie duidelike beeld van die vervolging wat in die Laaste Dae gaan kom.

In die promenade wat na die Agorra (mark) geloop het was daar ‘n hek met oorhoofse kennisgewing wat die keiser vereer het as die seun van god, dus om te koop en te verkoop moes daar ‘n de-facto (as werklik bestaande) erkenning van die godheid van die keiser wees.

Die Christene wat dit nie wou doen nie was uit die kommersiële lewe van die stad uitgesluit en hulle kon nie koop en verkoop nie. Meer nog, hulle was aan beide kante van die straat aan pale wat na die promenade gelei het vas gemaak en aan die brand geteek om as menslike straatligte te dien. Dit is ‘n skaduwee van wat die Antichris in die Laaste Dae kan doen, hy gaan mense se kapasiteit om handel te dryf verbind aan ‘n onuitgesproke erkenning van sy god status.

Voor die bestaan van denominasies was daar ‘n graad van eenheid in die kerk wat deur vervolging ontwikkel het, in die Laaste Dae gaan dit weer gebeur. In die vroeë kerk was daar baie gepraat oor die Laaste Dae. “Wanneer gaan Hy kom?” Dit is waarna Christene uitgesien het, en as dit nie gebeur het nie het mense moed verloor. Maar Jesus het deur Sy engel gesê: “Hy wat oorwin...wat volhard tot die einde...” (Op. 2:26) “Hoe lank, o heilige en waaragtige Heerser?, (Op. 6:10) “--en aan hulle is gesê dat hulle nog 'n klein tydjie moes rus totdat ook hulle medediensknegte en hulle broeders wat nog gedood sou word soos hulle, voltallig sou wees.” (Op. 6:11).

Dit is ‘n vreeslike gedagte, maar net soos wat daar in die vroeë kerk ‘n ernstige vervolging was, so sal dit in die Laaste Dae weer wees. Kyk wat gebeur vandag met Christene in Sjina of Noord Korea? Rome onder die keiser Nero het Christene verbrand—burgers van sy eie koninkryk! - En in die 16de eeu het die Roomse Kerk sy eie mense gebrand omdat hulle die Bybel gelees het. Die Laaste Dae gaan inderdaad ‘n groot lydsaamheid en geloof van die heiliges vra. (Op. 13:10)

Jesus die Hoë Priester

“Die openbaring van Jesus Christus wat God Hom gegee het--” (Op. 1:1) (God het dit vir Jesus gegee.) “Toe draai ek my om, om te sien watter stem met my gespreek het; en toe ek my omgedraai het, sien ek sewe goue kandelaars, en tussen die sewe kandelaars Een soos die Seun van die mens met 'n kleed aan wat tot op die voete hang, en gegord om die bors met 'n goue gordel. Sy hoof en hare was wit soos wit wol, soos sneeu, en sy oë soos 'n vuurvlam, en sy voete soos blink koper wat gloei soos in 'n oond, en sy stem soos die stem van baie waters.

En in sy regterhand het Hy sewe sterre gehou, en 'n skerp tweesnydende swaard het uit sy mond uitgegaan, en sy aangesig was soos die son wat skyn in sy krag.” (Op. 1:12-16

Let op Jesus verskyn geklee as die nuwe Hoë Priester wat die Joodse Hoë Priester van Eksodus 29 vervang. Die Hoë Priester was met bloed ingeseën en hy het ‘n spesiale kleed aangehad, maar sy seëninge en roeping was na sy seuns oorgedra. onthou Jesus is nou die Hoë Priester.

En net soos wat die seuns van Aaron priesters was wat die bediening van Aaron uitgedra het- so is alle volgers van Jesus priesters van Hom wat die Hoë Priester is. Meer spesifiek, Dit is ‘n priesters se bediening om offers te bring en vir mense in te tree. Volgens 1 Petrus 2:9 is alle gelowiges priesters. Daar bestaan nie iets soos ‘n Christen wat nie ‘n priester is nie, iemand wat nie ‘n priester is nie- is nie ‘n Christen of ‘n prediker nie. Priester beteken “dienskneg”. Die idee van ‘n geordende ‘Priester’ onder die Nuwe Verbond is uit en uit ‘n menslike uitvindsel, daarom is die hele debat oor vroue “priesters” ‘n hoop strooi. Hoedat ‘n hele instelling kan verdeel oor iets wat geen Bybelse basis het nie- is verstommend.

“--en tussen die sewe kandelaars Een soos die Seun van die mens met 'n kleed aan wat tot op die voete hang, en gegord om die bors met 'n goue gordel.” (Op. 1:13)

Jesus se voorkoms in Openbaring is ‘n beeld van die kleed van die Hoë Priester. Hy moes ‘n tipe van die borsplaat op Sy skouers dra en ‘n kleed wat Hy nie mag uittrek nie. Die kleed verteenwoordig die Kleed van saligheid. Die Mormone dra ‘n soort onderklere wat hulle nooit uittrek nie en die pous dra ‘n soort voorskoot of onderhemp (Scapular). Dit klink absurd, maar dit is waar die idee vandaan kom. En oor dit alles het Aaron ‘n borsplaat gedra met twaalf kentekens wat die twaalf stamme verteenwoordig.

Wanneer die Hoë Priester vir iemand se tandpyn gebid het was die gebed gebring en die taak was afgehandel. Alhoewel, die borsplaat verteenwoordig ‘n las, die las van intersessie wat die Hoë Priester dag of nag nie kon verwyder nie totdat die geveg gewen is.

Wanneer iemand die las van ‘n intersessor dra dan is dit ‘n las wat op sy hart gaan rus totdat dit beantwoord word of totdat die geveg gewen is. Dit is wat die Here Jesus nou doen; Hy dra die las van Israel en diegene wat deel geword het van Israel deur die werke wat Hy as die Hoë Priester van die Nuwe Verbond aan die kruis gedoen het. Maar let op dat hierdie kleed van Aaron aan sy seuns oorgedra moes word.

Alle gelowiges het ‘n mate van geloof van God ontvang- en “Sonder geloof is dit onmoontlik om God te behaag ” (Heb. 11:16) Maar almal het nie die gawe van geloof nie, daar is ‘n spesiale gawe van geloof (1 Kor.12:9), mense wat intersessors is het hierdie Godgegewe gawe van geloof vir ‘n sekere rede- soos wat Jesus wil. Maar elke gelowige moet nogtans ‘n lasdraer wees, nie net vir Israel nie maar ook vir die kerk--en die wat verlore is.

Val in die Gees

“En toe ek Hom sien, val ek soos 'n dooie aan sy voete; en Hy het sy regterhand op my gelê en vir my gesê: Moenie vrees nie; Ek is die eerste en die laaste.”(Ob.1:17)

Kontras dit met Sagaria 4:1: “En die engel wat met my gespreek het, het teruggekom en my gewek soos 'n man wat uit die slaap opgewek word.”

Hierdie gebeurtenis wat geken word as “Val in die Gees” kom baie keer in die Skrifte voor waar mense in God se teenwoordigheid op hulle aangesig neerval. Die term kom van Openbaring 1:17 waar Johannes soos ‘n dooie voor die voete van Jesus neergeval het. Ons sien dit ook in Daniël 10.

George Whitefield was baie ontsteld toe dit in ‘n diens van John Wesley gebeur het maar ‘n paar dae later het dit ook in sy eie gemeente gebeur. Vandag egter het dit in die meeste gevalle ontaard in ‘n emosionele hipnotiese manipulasie waar mense omgestoot word. Natuurlik sal daar vervalsings wees, maar die ware gebeurtenis is Bybels, dit gebeur.

“En hy het vir my gesê: Wat sien jy? Toe antwoord ek: Ek sien daar 'n kandelaar, heeltemal van goud, en sy oliekan bo-oor hom en sy sewe lampe op hom; telkens sewe aanvoerpype loop na die lampe wat bo-oor hom is. Ook twee olyfbome langs hom, een aan die regterkant van die oliekan en een aan die linkerkant daarvan.”

“Daarop het ek begin spreek en aan die engel wat met my gespreek het, gesê: Wat beteken dit, my heer? En die engel wat met my gespreek het, antwoord en sê vir my: Weet jy dan nie wat dit beteken nie? En ek het gesê: Nee, my heer.”

“Toe antwoord hy en sê vir my: Dit is die woord van die HERE aan Serubbábel, naamlik: Nie deur krag of deur geweld nie, maar deur my Gees, sê die HERE van die leërskare.

“Wie is jy, groot berg? Voor Serubbábel sal jy tot 'n gelykte word! En hy sal die sluitsteen te voorskyn bring onder uitroepe van: Genade, genade oor hom!”

“En die woord van die HERE het tot my gekom en gesê: Die hande van Serubbábel het die fondament van hierdie huis gelê, en sy hande sal dit voltooi; dan sal jy weet dat die HERE van die leërskare my na julle gestuur het.”

“Want wie verag die dag van klein dinge, terwyl daardie sewe--die oë van die HERE wat die ganse aarde deurloop--met blydskap die skietlood aanskou in die hand van Serubbábel? “Daarop het ek begin spreek en aan hom gesê: Wat beteken hierdie twee olyfbome aan die regterkant van die kandelaar en aan die linkerkant daarvan?”

“En ek het toe nogmaals gespreek en vir hom gesê: Wat beteken die twee olyftakkies aan die kant van die twee goue pype wat goud uit hulle laat uitstroom? Toe antwoord hy my en sê: Weet jy nie wat dit beteken nie? En ek het gesê: Nee, my heer. En hy sê: Dit is die twee gesalfdes wat by die HERE van die ganse aarde staan.” (Sag. 4:2-14)

Op ‘n manier reflekteer die fisiese tempel die waarheid van die hemel, en op ‘n manier reflekteer dit ‘n sekere waarheid oor die kerk. Dit is wat Openbaring probeer om bymekaar te bring, Sagaria 4 reflekteer die sewe kandelare (lampe) in Openbaring wat ook die sewe kerke is, en die twee gesalfdes sien ons weer in Openbaring 11. Mense sê hulle verteenwoordig Moses wat fisies gesterf het en Elia wat deur God opgeneem was; ander beweer dit is Moses en Henog, omdat Henog ook in die Hemel opgeneem is.

Dit is interessant dat die frase “seun van die mens” in Openbaring 1:13 voorkom. Waar dit in die Ou Testament voorkom leer dit ons iets oor Jesus. Daniël en Esegiël is tipes van Jesus.

Esegiël is ‘n hoof tipe van Jesus. En in Daniël 10:9 sê hy: “---en toe ek die geluid van sy woorde hoor, het ek bewusteloos op my aangesig, met my aangesig op die aarde, geval.” (Hy het ook geval)

Paulus skryf: “Dit is waarlik vir my nie nuttig om te roem nie, want ek sal kom tot gesigte en openbaringe van die Here. Ek weet van 'n man in Christus, veertien jaar gelede--of dit in die liggaam was, weet ek nie, of buite die liggaam, weet ek nie, God weet dit--dat so iemand weggeruk is tot in die derde hemel.

En ek weet van so 'n man--of dit in die liggaam of buite die liggaam was, weet ek nie, God weet dit-- dat hy weggeruk is in die Paradys en onuitspreeklike woorde gehoor het wat 'n mens nie mag uitspreek nie. Want as ek sou wil roem, sou ek nie 'n dwaas wees nie, want ek sou die waarheid praat; maar ek laat dit ná, sodat niemand my hoër mag skat as wat hy van my sien of wat hy van my hoor nie. En dat ek my oor die voortreflikheid van die openbaringe nie sou verhef nie, is my 'n doring in die vlees gegee, 'n engel van die Satan, om my met die vuis te slaan, dat ek my nie sou verhef nie.” (2 Kor. 12:1-7)

Dit is duidelik Paulus praat van homself, dit het heel moontlik gebeur toe hulle hom gestenig het en hulle gedink het hy is dood. (Hand. 14:9) Dit was ‘n tipe van die wegraping, op ‘n manier was hy weggeruk na die hemel. Dit het ook met Sagaria, Elia, Esegiël en Henog gebeur.

Al hierdie Skrif gedeeltes vertel ons iets oor wat gaan gebeur: “---en die wat in Christus gesterf het, sal eerste opstaan. Daarna sal ons wat in die lewe oorbly, saam met hulle in wolke weggevoer- (Rapturo / Latyn—dit is waar die woord Rapture in die AV vandaan kom)- word die Here tegemoet in die lug; en so sal ons altyd by die Here wees.” 1Thes. 4:16-17)

Met die Verheerliking van Jesus op die berg (Mat. 17) het Elia wat nie gesterf het nie, en Moses wat gesterf het- en niemand weet waar sy graf is nie- skielik verskyn. Maar elkeen van hulle was in ‘n wit kleed van heil en heerlikheid geklee.

Of ‘n gelowige sterf of nie sterf nie, almal sal dieselfde wees. Wat gaan met hulle gebeur wanneer hulle sterf? Dit is die groot vraag wat Openbaring verduidelik. Op ‘n manier sal gelowiges wat al vir eeue “slaap” opgewek en opgeneem word om verewig by die Here te wees. Mense soos Paulus en Johannes het ‘n voorsmaak daarvan gehad—“Onuitspreeklike dinge”. (2 Kor. 12:14)

Die Getroue Getuie met ‘n Nuwe Liggaam.

Volgende is die konsep van die Getroue Getuienis... “ en van Jesus Christus, die getroue getuie, die eersgeborene uit die dode en die Owerste oor die konings van die aarde! Aan Hom wat ons liefgehad het en ons van ons sondes gewas het in sy bloed.” (Op. 1:5)

Jesus word beskryf as “die Getroue Getuienis.” Maar in die Psalms... “Sy (Dawid se) nageslag sal vir ewig wees en sy troon soos die son voor My. Soos die maan sal hy vir ewig vasstaan, en die getuie in die hemel is getrou. Maar U het self verstoot en verag, U het toornig geword teen u gesalfde.” (U Messias) (Ps. 89:36-38) Maar in Openbaring word die getroue getuie beskryf as Jesus wat verwerp was maar wat lewe tot in alle ewigheid.

As ons in Openbaring na die Hemelse hof kyk dan kan ons sien hoe God hemelse of geestelike dinge gebruik om fisiese dinge te beskryf. “--en sy voete soos blink koper wat gloei soos in 'n oond, en sy stem soos die stem van baie waters.” (Op.1:15) Let op dat koper te doen het met oordeel.

“Ons ken dus van nou af niemand meer na die vlees nie; en al het ons ook Christus na die vlees geken, nou ken ons Hom tóg nie meer so nie.” (2 Kor. 5:16)

Paulus sê wat Johannes gesê het, hy het Hom in Sy verheerlikte gestalte gesien. Johannes het Jesus intiem beter geken as enige ander dissipel; met die Laaste Nagmaal hy het met sy kop teen Jesus se bors gelê. Maar toe Johannes Jesus in Sy Verheerlikte vorm sien was dit vir hom soos die verskil tussen ‘n wurm en skoelapper. Na ‘n lewens klimaks in die dood in ‘n kokon, wat die graf simboliseer, het die wurm ‘n gedaante verandering ondergaan na ‘n pragtige nuwe skepping. Gelowiges is bestem om Jesus te volg. Eendag sal alle gelowiges net so pragtig wees soos ‘n skoelapper wat uit ‘n larwe gekom het. Wanneer hulle in die hemel kom en in ‘n spieël kyk gaan hulle hulself nie ken nie.

Redding, Gered en Weergebore.

Let op daar is drie aspekte van redding: Ek was gered, ek is gered, en ek gaan gered word.

En ook: Ek was weergebore, ek is weergebore en ek gaan weergebore word. Die vorige aspek van redding word “regverdiging” genoem.

Almal het gesondig deurom te lieg en te steel, ens. Maar hulle is geregverdig—hulle was gered – omdat Jesus die prys vir hulle sondes betaal het, en hulle het bely en hulle bekeer en Hom gedank en opgehou om dit weer te doen. Maar tans word gelowiges nog steeds gered en hulle word nog steeds geregverdig—aanmekaar elke dag—

“En Hy sê vir almal: As iemand agter My aan wil kom, moet hy homself verloën en sy kruis elke dag opneem en My volg.” (Luk. 9:23)

“Ek is met Christus gekruisig, en ék leef nie meer nie, maar Christus leef in my. En wat ek nou in die vlees lewe, leef ek deur die geloof in die Seun van God wat my liefgehad het en Homself vir my oorgegee het.” (Gal. 2:20)

Elke dag in die lewe wat hulle nou lewe is hulle nog steeds gered. Die teenwoordige aspek van redding is “regverdiging.” En in die toekoms gaan hulle gered word. “Maar wie volhard tot die einde toe, hy sal gered word.” (Mat. 24:13)

Dis is verlossing wat met die einde van die eeu sal plaasvind, ‘n toekomstige gebeurtenis.

“En as hierdie dinge begin gebeur, kyk dan na bo en hef julle hoofde op, omdat julle verlossing naby is.” Luk. 21:28)

Kyk weer na die verbintenis tussen Genesis, Johannes en Openbaring en die herhaalde verskyning in die tuin en die “Boom van die Lewe.” Dit is hoekom die Boom van die Lewe in die Brief aan Efese genoem word. “--Aan hom wat oorwin, sal Ek gee om te eet van die boom van die lewe wat binne in die paradys van God is.” (Op 2:7) Wat in die Tuin verlore gegaan het sal terug gegee word.

Daar is ‘n drieledige parallelle gebeurtenis hier:

  1. Skepping- Dit was in Genesis.
  2. Nuwe Skepping—Dit is die Evangelie, ‘n nuwe lewe in Christus—nou.
  3. Herskepping—Wat volgens Openbaring sal gebeur.

Die drie gaan saam. Dit is waarom dieselfde figure, dieselfde simbole, dieselfde taal herhaaldelik in die Skrifte voorkom. Byvoorbeeld, wat sien ons in Openbaring 6:9? Die martelare onder die altaar roep uit, hulle is gedood as gevolg van die Woord van God en die getuienis waarvoor hulle gestaan het.

En wat is onder die altaar? Dit is waar die bloed afloop in die grond. Wat word uitgelig in Genesis? Abel se bloed roep uit die aarde. En in Johannes? Die bloed van Jesus vloei uit Hom op die grond.

Of ook- met die skepping in Genesis skei God die lig van die duisternis. In Johannes se Evangelie skei God die lig van die duisternis in die nuwe skepping. In Johannes se Evangelie het Jesus gekom as die Lig van die wêreld, maar die mens het die duisternis verkies omdat hulle dade boos was. (Joh. 3:19)

Onbekeerde sondaars verlang nog steeds na duisternis, en baie sonde word nog steeds onder die dekmantel van die duisternis gedoen. Maar God kan in die donker sien, Hy weet alles en sondes wat bely is- is uitgevee. Gelowiges moet leer om altyd in die Lig te loop. En laastens, met die herskepping in Openbaring is die Lam die lamp- en die heerlikheid van God is die Lig. (Op.21:23)

Wat Jesus vir die Efesiërs gesê het.

Daar is drie spesifieke dinge in die Brief aan Efese wat ons ernstig na moet kyk: Eerstens, valse apostels; Tweedens, hulle eerste liefde wat hulle verloor het; Derdens, die werke van die Nikolaïete.

Jesus was aan elke kerk voorgestel met sekere aspekte van die gesig wat die Goddelike Jesus aan Johannes in Hoofstuk 1 gegee het. Aan Efese, die kerk wie se naam “nie voortdurend” beteken, Jesus was beskryf as “Die Een wat tussen die sewe goue kandelare wandel”, en in Op.1:20 sien ons dit is die sewe kerke.

Op ‘n manier is Jesus in al hierdie kerke teenwoordig. Dit is belangrik- omdat Efese ‘n kerk was wat sy eerste liefde verloor het. Hulle skaar hulle by ‘n Griekse mentaliteit met die idee dat die hemel daarbo is en die aarde daaronder - afgeskei van die hemel, so- die mens is geskei van Jesus.

Efese moet daaraan herinner word dat Hy altyd tussen die kandelare, die kerke beweeg. Hy is altyd saam met die gelowiges al kan hulle Hom nie sien nie. Dit is merkwaardig dat Jesus altyd met woorde van lofprysing begin. (Paulus doen dit in sy briewe en dit is ook ‘n goeie beginsel vir ons.)

“Ek ken jou werke en jou arbeid en jou lydsaamheid, en dat jy slegte mense nie kan verdra nie; en dat jy dié op die proef gestel het wat sê dat hulle apostels is en dit nie is nie, en hulle leuenaars bevind het; en dat jy verdra het en lydsaamheid besit, en ter wille van my Naam gearbei en nie moeg geword het nie.” (Op. 2:2-3)

Jesus beklemtoon hulle getrouheid en die feit dat hulle valse apostels nie kon verdra nie. Let op hoe Hy hulle prys omdat hulle hierdie mense op die proef gestel het.

“Want ek is jaloers oor julle met 'n goddelike jaloersheid, want ek het julle aan een man verbind, om julle as 'n reine maagd aan Christus voor te stel.” (2 Kor. 11:2)

‘n Ware apostel se sentrale doel is om hom as ‘n reine maagd aan die bruidegom voor te stel— “Maar ek vrees dat, net soos die slang Eva deur sy listigheid bedrieg het, julle sinne so miskien bedorwe kan raak, vervreemd van die opregtheid teenoor Christus.”

Let op dat in Openbaring is daar ‘n slang en ‘n draak—Die twee vorms van Satan. Die draak vervolg die kerk en die slang verlei die kerk.--

“ Want as iemand kom en 'n ander Jesus verkondig as wat ons verkondig het, of as julle 'n ander gees ontvang as wat julle ontvang het, of 'n ander evangelie as wat julle aangeneem het, laat julle jul dit goed geval. Want ek reken dat ek niks agterstaan by dié uitnemende apostels nie. En al is ek ook onbedrewe in woord, dan tog nie in kennis nie; maar ons het ten volle in alle opsigte openbaar geword by julle.” (2 Kor. 11:4-6)

Kyk wat sê Paulus: “As iemand kom en ‘n ander evangelie preek” Maar wat is ‘n “ander” evangelie? Let op dit wat gepreek word is grootliks reg, alles klink reg, die feit is, as dit nie reg geklink het nie sal dit nie mislei nie. Maar dit sal altyd die een belangrike waarheid waarop al die ander waarhede gegrond is verdraai, en dit is: Christus gekruisig, Christus kom weer. Dit is die absolute waarheid en al die ander waarheid moet op hierdie waarheid gebaseer wees.

Christus wat gesterf het, Christus wat opgestaan het- dit is die absolute waarheid. Jesus is die Waarheid: Ons het Die waarheid van die kruis, Die waarheid van die leë graf, en Die Waarheid van die Olyfberg waar Hy sal terugkeer. Al die ander waarhede moet op hierdie drievoudige waarheid gebou word.

As iemand enige ander waarheid vat, alhoewel dit ‘n waarheid is, en daarvan ‘n sentrale waarheid maak dan verdraai dit die drievoudige sentrale waarheid van Christus, Hy as die gekruisigde, en Christus, Hy as die opgestane, en Christus, Hy wat weer kom. Dit verdraai nie net nie, maar dit verduister ook, en dit wat verduister word– word uit die beeld weggeneem.

Ondersteuners van die valse voorspoed geloof het ‘n waarheid, maar hierdie waarheid is alleen geldig as jy daarna kyk in die lig van die hoof geloof: Die kruisiging, opstanding en die beloofde wederkoms van Jesus. ‘Hierdie mense beklemtoon nie n gekruisigde lewe nie, hulle het nie die ou lewe afgelê nie, in plaas daarvan vat hulle die miljoene vir hulleself! So word die sentrale waarheid vervang met ander waarheid en hierdie alternatiewe waarheid verander in ‘n leuen.

Daar is mense wat God se eindtyd doelwit vir Israel en die Jode aanvaar het, en dit is inderdaad ‘n waarheid, maar hulle het gegaan en van Israel die sentrale waarheid gemaak inplaas van Jesus. En wat gebeur? Die boodskap van die kruis word verduister.

Daar is organisasies wat dit hulle prioriteit gemaak het om die Jode terug te bring na Israel, hulle is lief vir hulle en seën hulle so goed as wat hulle kan, maar- hulle het ‘n belofte afgelê om hulle nie te evangeliseer nie. Kan jy jouself indink dat Petrus, Johannes of Paulus so iets sou gedoen het?

Valse Apostels

“Maar wat ek doen, sal ek nog doen om die aanleiding af te sny vir die wat 'n aanleiding wil hê, sodat hulle in die saak waar hulle op roem, net soos ons bevind mag word.” (2 Kor. 11:12)

Met ander woorde dit mense wat as apostels gesien wil word. Jesus sê vir diegene in Efese wat ore het- hulle moet luister. “Ek ken jou werke-- dat jy dié op die proef gestel het wat sê dat hulle apostels is en dit nie is nie, en hulle leuenaars bevind het;” (Op. 2:2)

Paulus gaan verder en hy sê:

“Want sulke mense is valse apostels, bedrieglike arbeiders wat hulleself verander in apostels van Christus. En geen wonder nie! Want die Satan self verander hom in 'n engel van die lig. Dit is dus niks besonders wanneer sy dienaars hulle ook voordoen as dienaars van geregtigheid nie. Maar hulle einde sal wees volgens hulle werke.” (2 Kor.11:13-15)

En wat is die konteks waarin Paulus praat? “’n “Ander evangelie”. Hulle het hulle oë van Jesus en die kruis afgehaal- die sentrale boodskap, en dinge het verkeerd begin loop. Elke valse apostel maak op die een of ander manier dieselfde fout. Hulle haal hulle oë van die sentrale waarheid af, Christus en Hom die gekruisigde, die Opgestane en Hy wat weer kom en hulle beklemtoon ‘n ander waarheid en maak daarvan die sentrale waarheid.

Ware Apostels.

Daar is tenminste vier soorte apostels in die Nuwe Testament. Eerstens en die belangrikste is daar Jesus self. “Daarom, heilige broeders, deelgenote van die hemelse roeping, let op die Apostel en Hoëpriester van ons belydenis, Christus Jesus,.” (Heb. 3:1)

In Hebreërs en in Openbaring 1 word Jesus geken as die Hoë Priester. Maar in Grieks in Hebreërs 3:1 word Jesus beklemtoon as Die Apostel. Alle ander apostels kry hulle apostoliese gesag van Jesus af- “Die Apostel en Hoë Priester”.

Maar daar is drie ander tipes apostels. Eerstens was daar die oorspronklike twaalf, Jesus het twaalf aangestel (gemagtig)

“En toe dit dag geword het, het Hy sy dissipels na Hom geroep en twaalf van hulle uitgekies, wat Hy apostels genoem het..” (Lk. 6:13)

Dan was daar Paulus, hy was nie een van die oorspronklike twaalf nie, daar is mense wat vertel dat die apostels aanmatigend opgetree het toe hulle Matthías aangestel het, hulle moes vir Paulus gewag het, maar dit sou ‘n fout gewees het, kyk na Handelinge 1:21.

Toe Judas selfmoord gepleeg het- het hulle vir iemand gesoek om hom te vervang uit manne wat die hele tyd saam met hulle was toe die Here Jesus saam met hulle was, dit is vanaf die doop van Johannes. Die ander apostels was dissipels van Johannes die Doper en was heel moontlik deur hom gedoop voordat hulle dissipel van Jesus geword het. Paulus was nie.

So, daar was Jesus Die Apostel, die twaalf en die unieke geval van Paulus en laastens was daar manne soos Apollos en Barnabas wat in Hand. 14:14 ook apostels genoem was.

Die woord “apostel” beteken eenvoudig: ‘weg van sy pos’ of- “een wat gestuur is.”

Al soort apostel wat vandag in die kerk kan bestaan is kerkplanter sendelinge wat gestuur word deur hulle huiskerke. Waar kan die Bybelse model vir ‘n kerkplanter sendeling gesien word?

Handelinge 13, Paulus het geweet hy is ‘n apostel, God het dit vir hom deur Ananías in Damaskus gesê. “---hy is vir My 'n uitverkore werktuig om my Naam te dra voor nasies en konings en die kinders van Israel.” (Hand. 9:15)

Paulus was geroep as ‘n apostel vir die Heidene. Maar let op wat gebeur. Paulus het eers sewentien jaar later met sy bediening begin toe dit deur die Heilige Gees in die gemeente bevestig is. Eers toe en na dit het die kerk hom uitgestuur.

Vandag is daar baie Christene wat aanspraak maak dat hulle apostels is, (Die “Here het vir my gesê” tipe) maar hulle moet kyk wat staan in Hand. 13.

Paulus het nie as ‘n apostel uitgegaan voordat dit nie in die gemeente en aan hom bevestig was nie, maar let op, het God net vir Paulus gestuur? Nee, die Heilige Gees het gesê.

“Sonder nou Bárnabas en Saulus vir My af vir die werk waarvoor Ek hulle geroep het.”

Die Nuwe Testamentiese basis model vir kerkleiers is ‘n meervoudige stelsel. Al was Paulus ‘n kerkplanter sendeling was hy nog steeds gejuk en in onderdanigheid.

Mense wat vandag aanspraak maak op apostelskap is mense wat hulle eie koppe volg, outokrate op ‘n ego baan. Hulle mag miskien reg begin het maar hoogmoed en trots het hulle ingehaal. Baie kerke word vandag geken as so en so se kerk, dit is onbybels. Hulle staan nie onder gesag nie, hulle is nie onderdanig aan iemand nie. Paulus het altyd aan Antiochíë gerapporteer. Met leerstellige probleme in Handelinge 15 was hy onderdanig aan die gesag van die ouderlinge en die ander apostels, en hy het altyd Barnabas en Lukas saam met hom gehad, so was dit.

Daar is vandag baie kerkplanter bedieninge en predikers maar as hulle wettig is sal hulle Skriftuurlik optree. So, as jy mense sien wat hulleself apostels noem dan is dit ‘n Bybelse beginsel om hulle te toets of hulle ware apostels is. Jesus het die Efese gemeente geprys omdat hulle dit gedoen het.

Om jou Eerste liefde te verloën.

Die tweede ding wat Jesus vir Efese gesê het was dat hulle- hulle eerste liefde verloor het. Dit gebeur. Wanneer iemand tot redding gekom het dan dink mense om so ‘n nuwe gelowige dat hy of sy nie lekker is nie. Daar was ‘n geval waar ‘n nuwe gelowige aangekeer was omdat hulle gedink het hy was vol dwelms, hulle het sy geldkaart gebrand en hom uit sy privaat skool gesit en sy pa het dit goedgekeur, toe hy sy hart vir Jesus gegee het wou sy pa hom skiet!

Baie nuwe gelowiges dink hulle is die volgende Paulus, hulle mag miskien dom klink maar hulle het ‘n ywer. ‘n Kerk moet bedryf word deur die wysheid van die ou skape maar met die ywer van ‘n nuwe bekeerling. Maar helaas, vandag vat die lou warm kerk ‘n nuwe weergebore Christen en maak van hom ‘n lou warm Christen. Hulle het hulle eerste liefde verloor. Maar mense wat nog steeds hierdie geesdriftige eerste liefde het- intimideer ander mense deur die krag, blydskap en passie van die Heilige Gees wat in hulle is.

Die eerste eeu se apostoliese kerk word in baie gevalle gereken as die ideale kerk, en op ‘n manier is dit waar, maar die gelowiges in daardie tyd het ook maar hulle probleme gehad! Hulle probleme was in baie gevalle dieselfde as vandag.

Hipper-charismaties- Charismatiese ekstremiste, die Korinte tipe, mense in Thessaloníka met ‘n verdraaide idee van die Laaste Dae, wettiese Christene in Galásië wat reëls by die Evangelie wou byvoeg, dit het daardie tyd gebeur en dit gebeur vandag nog. Daar is niks nuut onder die son nie.

Maar waar het hulle probleme begin? Die manier waarop probleme nog altyd begin. Wat gebeur in ‘n huwelik? ‘n Persoon wat sy eerste liefde verloor!

Wanneer my vrou op my senuwees begin werk dan dink ek terug hoe ons hand aan hand op die Dooie See se strand geloop het, ek saam met hierdie Israeliese meisie waarvan ek nie my oë kon afhou nie—hierdie meisie wat ek in die strate van Jerusalem na Jesus gelei het. Ek onthou toe ek saam met haar by die see van Galiléa geloop het en vir haar van die basiese waarhede van die Bybel vertel het. Dit is die persoon op wie ek verlief geraak het en dit is die persoon, wat ek in my hart van harte nog steeds lief het. As jy getroud is, dink terug aan daardie tyd, en manne wees lief vir haar. Om jou eerste liefde te vergeet is ‘n natuurlike tendens, maar elke persoon is veronderstel om sy eerste liefde vir Jesus te onthou, dit is wat Jesus vir die Efesiërs gesê het.

Wanneer daar ‘n ware herlewing in ‘n kerk kom dan is almal vol lewe en vrees in die heiligheid van God- maar na ‘n tyd begin hierdie eerste liefde verflou- en wat gebeur na ‘n tyd?

Daar is twee dinge wat gebeur wanneer mense begin om hulle eerste liefde te vergeet:

  1. Die kwaliteit en kwantiteit van hulle gebeds lewe begin afneem.
  2. Hulle verloor hulle evangeliese ywer.

Hulle het nie meer dieselfde begeerte om vir mense te vertel wat Jesus vir hulle gedoen het nie. Baie mense se verskoning is dat hulle nie Evangeliste is nie. Ja dit is waar, almal van ons is nie evangeliste nie, maar almal van ons kan getuig. Jesus sê: “Julle sal My getuies wees” (Hand. 1:8)

Daar is niemand wat nie ‘n traktaatjie kan uitgee nie, of wat aan deure kan klop om ‘n verhouding vas te stel nie. Die Here Jesus het ‘n bediening vir elke gelowige, as jy nie weet wat dit is nie, vra Hom wat jy vir Hom kan doen. Daar is nie ‘n Christen wat nie geroep is om ‘n Christen getuie te wees nie.

Die werke van die Nikolaïete.

“Maar dit het jy, dat jy die werke van die Nikolaïete haat, wat Ek ook haat. (Op 2:6)

Laastens, Jesus het die Efesiërs geprys omdat hulle die werke van die Nikolaïete gehaat het wat Hy ook haat.

Die Bybel verklaar homself en die woorde “Nico” en Laite saam- beteken “onderdrukkers van mense” of “heersers van die leke”. Dit impliseer ‘n geestelike leiers klas soos die Levitiese priesters wat soos ‘n god oor hulle broers heers.

Voordat Satan heidense praktyke in ‘n kerk vestig gaan hy probeer om van hulle Jode te maak. Wat het in Galasië gebeur? Hulle wou die Griekse bekeerlinge besny, hulle het die evangelie van Jesus verkondig en dinge soos die besnydenis bygevoeg. Vandag is dieselfde, daar is die Sewende dag Adventiste wat glo jy mag nie op ‘n Sondag werk nie, hulle voeg ‘n gedeelte van die Wet by.

So, in plaas van ‘n priesterorde van alle gelowiges het die Nicolaïte gegaan en ‘n ander priester orde saamgestel, ‘n heersende klas. Dit kom uit ‘n gedeeltelike Gnostiese invloed met die idee dat daar ‘n spesiale geheime kennis of krag aan sekere spesiale uitverkose of geleerde mense gegee is. Ja daar is leiers; ja daar is ouderlinge, apostels, profete, evangeliste, leraars, daar is herders, bewaarders van ons siele, en- dank God daar is. Maar ‘n uitverkore “priesterorde”? Heersers oor die laite- leke? Moet ons hierdie mense verdra? Is daar geen redding vir iemand wat nie onder die gesag van hierdie mense wil staan nie? Dit is wat hierdie leiers wil hê en die gewone mense moet dit glo!

Wanneer mense op ‘n een of ander soort apostoliese gesag aanspraak maak en ‘n vermoë het om mense se lewe te beheer, dan is daar net een oplossing en dit is: Toets hulle!

Voldoen hulle aan die Bybelse voorskrifte van ‘n apostolies gesag? Is hulle self gebonde en onder gesag soos Paulus en Barnabas, rapporteer hulle terug aan Antiogië of ontmoet hulle ander apostels en ouderlinge in Jerusalem om sekerheid te verkry oor die evangelie wat hulle verkondig? Of is hulle Nicolaïte? Jesus sê baie duidelik Hy haat hulle werke.

Wanneer daar ‘n Nikolaitiese priester orde of priesterskap ontwikkel dan gaan mense uitgesluit word en hulle gaan geestelik en sielkundig seerkry.

In Ierland is daar ‘n priester in elke dorp, maar dit is ook ‘n land met die hoogste alkoholisme en skisofrenie getalle in die wêreld. Maar dit word ook in nuwe kerke gesien. Dit wat hulle “Apostoliese gesag noem—al is dit van ‘n pous of ‘n swaarhand pastoor of predikant—kan ook ‘n teken wees van ‘n Nicolaït.

Samevatting

Dit moet elke gelowige se hartsbegeerte en gebed wees, dat die kerk van ons dag sal terugkeer na haar eerste liefde. Wanneer ons Jesus weer sal liefkry soos toe ons tot bekering gekom het, en ons weer sal glo soos ‘n kind, en Hom altyd so sal liefhê, dan kan niks verkeerd gaan nie. Hy sal die wat Hom so liefhet bewaar.

Jacob Prasch

11/2012

1ste >>> 5de Eeu-----Apostoliese kerk---Pre-Nisiaanse Kerk----- 4de >>> 12de eeu------Opkoms van die Institusionele Kerk---- 11de >>> 16de eeu------Die Donker Eeue----

15de >>> 18de eeu------Die Reformasie--- 17de >>> 20ste eeu----Groot Ontwaking----

20ste eeu>>> Die Afvallige Kerk>>>


By David Passmore August 21, 2026
Don't bite the hand that feeds you - Irish hypocrisy towards Israel Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM Amongst European nations, Ireland in recent years has gained the reputation as being the leading anti-Zionist country. The Irish Republic has never been favourably inclined to Israel. It only established an Embassy in Tel Aviv in 1996. In poll after poll the vast majority of the Irish public have indicated hostility towards Zionism and strong support for Palestinian Statehood. The curious aberration to this is that in British Ruled Northern Ireland support is demarcated along sectarian lines. Catholic Republican areas predictably tend to ardently support the Palestinian cause, while Protestant Unionist communities are overwhelmingly pro-Israel. Perhaps some credence can be given to sentiments of traditional Catholic antisemitism hardwired into the Irish psyche as contributing towards this disposition. It was certainly odd that the Irish government promptly sent a delegation to the Nazi German Ambassador in Dublin to convey condolences after news of Hitler's suicide broke at the end of WW2. But more concretely if you were to ask the average Irish protester on a pro-Palestine march the basis of their empathy for the Palestinian cause, they would point to the ostensible parallels between the Irish experience of fighting for independence from British colonial oppression to the plight of Palestinians living under Israeli occupation. Further remonstrations on a diplomatic level concern the actions of the IDF interreacting with Irish Peace Keepers in Southern Lebanon that have caused the deaths of several Irish Peace Keepers over the decades in friendly fire incidents. Ireland has contributed the most peace keepers to this mission per capita and the government has condemned Israel for these deaths that they view as avoidable. This animosity towards Israel is unbalanced. There are reasons to consider that Ireland and Israel have a shared experience of national liberation. Both countries fought the British in the pursuit of independence. Both countries made great efforts to resurrect their ancient languages for modern wide scale use. Both the Irish and Jews form major diaspora communities in New York. Despite all this Ireland ranks as Israel's second largest export market after the US. The preponderance of Israeli exports to Ireland comprises electronic integrated circuits, micro-assemblies, and tech manufacturing components. American multinational colossal tech corporations like Intel are substantially engrossed in this trade through the chain of supply. Ireland and Israel are hubs for design and manufacture of high-tech hardware components for US corporations. So, due to the nature of the most prosperous and competitive sectors of their respective economies, Israel and Ireland are inextricably bound in bilateral trade ties. Resolutions from the Irish government to impose sanctions on West Bank originating produce is merely perfunctory rhetoric. Such actions amount to a drop in the bucket in terms of impact to overall trade. The stark reliance of Ireland on advanced Israeli aviation equipment recently caused a spectacle when Ireland's new government jet struggled to land in heavy fog due to it being ordered without an advanced Israeli made navigation system. This was directly due to a short-sighted government decision not to buy Israeli military technology. There is a marked disparity between the official position of the Irish government designed for domestic public consumption and the economic policies that it actually pursues towards Israel. The government is acutely aware that the US is massively invested in the Irish economy and they don't want to do anything to jeopardise this. Washington demands that their enterprises in Dublin are intertwined with operations in Israel. The Irish government dare not even prevent US military supply flights refuelling at Shannon Airport on their way to Tel Aviv. The Irish government knows that times change and now the gripping social issue is the anti-immigrant/anti-Islam popular street protests. Soon the anti-Israel protests could become a mere side show only really promoted by Sinn Fein given the pressing ramifications of mass migration. So, in the meantime certain politicians will rile against the occupation, purported genocide and pass paltry sanctions against insignificant produce from the West Bank. All the while making hand over fist in money with the Israelis where it really matters in tech.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore July 31, 2026
The Tide Has Changed Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The America that Netanyahu touched down on is a changed America. The death of Lindsey Graham represents a changing of the guard. Graham was a staunch Israeli ally who will most probably become an increasingly rare breed in Washington. Sixty percent of Americans now hold a unfavourable view of Israel which politicians are finding difficult to ignore. It was once unthinkable to believe that New York City with such a strong Jewish electoral base and influence on all sectors of economic and cultural life would have a mayor that is so hostile to Israel to such an extent that he is calling for the arrest of its Prime Minister. From all accounts Netanyahu was cordially welcomed at the White House. The official press release stated that the talks were constructive. What is more telling is what was left unsaid particularly concerning the proposed sale of F35's to Israel's new regional adversary -Turkey. Trump is keen to find a swift resolution to the Iran War, while Netanyahu is opposed to a premature departure. When the US and Israel initiated their attacks on Iran over five months ago, Trump and Netanyahu appeared united in the War's goals and purpose. But as the protracted conflict has staggered to topple the Iranian regime fractures have emerged. Much has been said about the imminent political realities both leaders face. The Republicans could take a big hit in the November midterm elections should the war continue and global energy markets be negatively impacted. Netanyahu is anxious to demonstrate a big win to the Israeli public with the upcoming October election. In Israel, the Iran War is not viewed in isolation, but rather as an extension of the response to the colossal disaster of the October 7th massacre. Netanyahu must rehabilitate his reputation as a competent steward of national security having had the greatest loss of civilian life in an attack happening under his watch. Aside from the Iran issue, Trump is being pressured by Erdogan to insist upon Israeli withdrawal from Syrian territory pre-emptively seized by Israel following the toppling of Assad. Trump has also indicated disapproval of the extent of continuing Israeli measures against Hezbollah in southern Lebanon, questioning the proportionality employed. Netanyahu is not in an envious position. Throughout his tenure and political career, he lauded his ability to engage successfully with the American public by zealously advocating Israel's position. Yet under his government Israel's reputation has plummeted in the US. Trump may be the last US President to extend such overwhelming bilateral support to Israel. The days of politicians like Lindsey Graham are fast ending. While John Fetteman and Marco Rubio appear to be remaining more solid, even some of the most warmly inclined leading Republican and Democrat voices like Donald Trump and Rahm Emanuel have nuanced their support for Israel. The tide has shifted and will at best level off if not continuing to shift further.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore July 24, 2026
The Saudi Nuclear Deal: An attempt to alter the Regional Balance of Power Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The initiative to develop a civilian nuclear program in Saudi Arabia with US assistance isn't new. There were concrete plans discussed towards these ends during the first Trump Administration. The recent announcement to actualize this deal follows the geo-political regional tumult in the wake of the Iran War. Several dimensions of motivation underlie the US decision. An overarching US strategic agenda is to keep the Saudis firmly in the American sphere of influence. Washington knows all too well that the Chinese and Russians are eager to offer their nuclear technical assistance to the Saudis in order to draw them closer to their camp. On a personal note, the nuclear agreement is a significant achievement for Bin Salaman. The Saudis have long had designs to diversify their energy supplies. Having a civilian nuclear program also adds prestige to Saudi Arabia as an emerging market economy. For the US, a monopoly on contracting companies for the requisite construction offers lucrative economic opportunities. Although the Civilian Nuclear deal does not allow the enrichment of Uranium, the Saudis will be in a position to do so if Washington gives the green light. This will act as a counterbalanced threat hanging over the Iranians. After the recent flare up of renewed fighting with Iran due to their lack of adherence to the moratorium of understanding, something had to budge in Trump's estimation. A reconfiguration of the power balance in the Gulf by introducing the potential of Saudi Arabia to be able to acquire nuclear weapons shifts the dynamic and places further pressure on Iran to strictly abstain from nuclear proliferation. Despite Israeli concerns about the agreement, Trump sought to assuage their alarm by making it contingent upon Saudi Arabia normalizing relations with them. Given the inherently unstable nature of an autocratic Saudi regime Israel views a diplomatic relationship with the Saudis as being on precarious footing in the long term. Israel is already forced to contend with the implications of one nuclear armed Muslim state - Pakistan and it will further weaken its own deterrent capability if another similarly capable hostile neighbour were to emerge in the future. The roles of Turkey and Qatar in all this foray are a wild card. Officially Turkey is served under the NATO nuclear umbrella for defence that is subject to US control. However, its civilian nuclear program remains in its infancy. Now with the Saudi deal, Erdogan may be inclined to exert pressure on the US to help accelerate his own nuclear program. Just as Erdogan's efforts to acquire F35 fighter jets from the US greatly disturbed Israeli military planners, a heightened Turkish nuclear ability will intensify this fear. Qatar views itself as pursuing its own independent foreign policy that has managed to remain rather neutral during the current war, thereby escaping the ire of Iran's strikes on US regional assets. Overall, the Qatari government has grown closer to the Turkish vision for the region and so likely isn't particularly amiable to the Saudi agreement. Ultimately the Saudi deal is a gamble. Many will see it as throwing more fuel on the fire which will further imperil the tinder box region and heighten tensions. But Trump finds himself at a continuing impasse with a stubborn regime in Tehran that is leveraging their geographic hold on the straits of Hormuz to inflict damage on the global energy markets. Iranian strikes upon US Arab regional allies have underscored the de facto alliance between Israel and the Arabs against Iran and its Shia proxies. The US hopes to use the Saudi nuclear deal as a means of making this alliance official by having Saudi Arabia joining the Abraham Accords as a pre-condition.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore July 14, 2026
Circling the wagons Ruben Rothler LLB, LLM Israel is a society riddled with tension and division. It is sociologically, if not politically miraculous that a country drawing Jews from all over the world is able to exist at all. The army affords a degree of integration as a melting pot. But this is only a marginal source of national unity in the overall scheme of things. More so are the myriads of external threats that face this small country. In the former generation the Ashkenazi (Jews of European descent) - Sephardic (Jews of Oriental descent) divide was far more pronounced. The dominant Ashkenazi establishment held the reins of political and economic power which was resented by the Sephardim. However, due to a combination of inter-marriage and political accommodation much of the chasm that separated these distinct groups was forged. Menachem Begin (an Ashkenazi politician) in 1970 successfully ran on the Likud Party ticket with a campaign that brought Sephardic Jews under his conservative political umbrella. Later the immigration of Russian Jews following the end of Communism would add a whole new dimension to the Israeli demographic milieu. The younger generation of these immigrants tended to adapt well to Israeli society and contributed much to the economy. The wider division in Israeli society that crosses ethnic lines concerns that between religious and secular Jews. This can be further bifurcated to the clash between the secular and specifically ultra-orthodox Jews (Haredim) as distinguished from the national religious Jews (Dati Leumi). The Secular and the Religious generally part on what they envisage a Jewish State to entail. Religious Jews desire the State to strictly adhere to the stipulations of Jewish Law (Halacha), while at present Halakhic influence is largely limited to certain areas of Family Law concerning Jewish citizens. Wider considerations of promoting a socially conservative political agenda would also be forefront amongst the religious mindset broadly. Secular Jews view the imposition of such proposed measures as a serious infringement of their civil rights. With regard to the Haredim, the bone of contention looms larger, in that this group is fundamentally opposed to participating in society at large. This is acutely manifested in diminished contribution to the work force and a refusal to be conscripted into the army. The 2023 judicial reform protests posed a significant threat to social civil order. The nation appeared to be bitterly divided into two opposing camps. This split reflected broader divisions concerning visions of how the country should be governed. The judicial reforms would have weakened the Supreme Court's ability to render the Executive branch accountable. However, the Supreme Court was also accused of using its considerable powers to promote a socially liberal agenda. Left wing secular Israelis tended to oppose the proposed reforms while those on the right (which included the majority of Religious Jews) supported the reforms. Every weekend droves of protesters were brought onto the streets causing major disturbances to traffic. The polarising nature of this impasse threatened the future of Israeli democracy. It was the October 7th attack that brought a swift end to this public debate and civil strife. The nation instinctually united in response to this common existential threat. The judicial reforms were shelved for a future point when the urgent security threats subsided. However, as the war dragged on the enduring issue of Haredi refusal to conscript into the army became more pronounced. Mounting casualties combined with ever increasing manpower demands to field troops on the multiple theatres of action on which the IDF is engaged has depleted the ranks, and the army is now in much need of fresh conscripts. Haredi belligerent refusal to participate in the pressing national defence has escalated from being a political debate to a matter of very practical vital importance. Overall we can observe that the challenges to national unity in successive generations since the establishment of Israel has recurrently been ameliorated by the common necessity of defence towards outside threats. Most recently we can see this happening with regard to the global anti Semitism and anti-Zionism that has been raging since the October 7th atrocities. These hostile attitudes have paradoxically acted as a force which promotes nationalism and a sense of national cohesion in Israel that otherwise might not functionally exist.  (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
By David Passmore July 8, 2026
A Divided Nation Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM The Haredi community has had a complicated, paradoxical relationship with the State since its founding. Rooted in a Talmudic precept that the Jews are forbidden to resettle the land of Israel en masse by force before the coming of the Messiah, the secular democratic State of Israel presents itself as blasphemous by its mere existence. Yet due to practical considerations such as the need to obtain funding for its religious academies the Haredi leadership reached a settlement with the State's founders that exempted Haredi men from being conscripted for military service. This was at a time when the Haredi population in Israel was relatively small. Over the past decades this demographic ballooned until the point that soon the majority of Jewish children in Israel will be born into Haredi families. Such a situation is clearly unsustainable. Recently the Knesset's (Parliament's) Haredi parties have pressured their coalition partners in government to codify Torah Study as part of the Country's Basic Laws. This was purposefully done to elevate the status of their institutions to be on parity with service in the IDF. Israel is yet to promulgate a written Constitution, so legislation classed as a Basic Law holds Constitutional status for all intents and purposes. These moves by the religious parties represent a back door power grab to enshrine in law very significant hurdles to prevent the enlistment of Haredi men. The burden of Israel's defence is comparatively massive for a country its size and it is vastly disproportionately shouldered by the secular population. Until now there have been political initiatives to conscript the Haredim. But given the huge manpower shortages emerging in the wake of near continual conflict on multiple fronts since the events of October 7th this matter has become urgent and not merely a theoretical discussion of what is fair and equitable. It is important to draw a distinction between the Haredim and national religious Jews (Dati Leumi). The Haredim adhere to a lifestyle entirely committed to observance of Jewish Law and Talmudic study. This is embraced to the exclusion of gainful employment and participation in wider society. They are either outrightly opposed to Zionism or consider themselves non-Zionist. Conversely, followers of the national religious movement in Israel although being observant of Jewish law and learning would alongside this pursue secular professions. Furthermore, they are ardently Zionist and disproportionately serve in IDF combat units. This is often done within the framework of a program called Hesder Yeshiva that combines religious learning with military service. Efforts to cater a similar model for accommodating Haredi participation in the IDF have so far failed to make substantial gains. Such measures designed to override Haredi objections to service based upon modesty concerns by strict segregation of the sexes in these specially formed units have failed to appease the Haredi leadership. For them, any form of military service is considered a dereliction of their duty to fully devote themselves to a Torah lifestyle. They argue that their Talmudic learning and prayers are in itself a form of national service and act to protect the Jewish people spiritually from enemy attack. It is as if two parallel societies exist within Israel. And the trajectory of separation between the two is only growing. The Haredim are cloistered away in their Yeshivas, immersed in lives devoted to adhering to the stipulations of Jewish law. While the particulars of actually running the State is left to the Secular. The Haredim desire all the benefits of subsidizing their lifestyle without contributing to society. What we really have going on here at source is two profoundly different and opposing ideological visions of what is important in life and what is the purpose of a Jewish State. At the State's founding these divergent perspectives were more manageable. Ben Gurion only had to contend with one religious party –the National Religious Party. Later in 1970 Begin aligned with the NRP to form a coalition government that also brought Sephardic Jews under the Likud umbrella which had the effect of bringing unity to the country by bridging the Ashkenazi-Sephardi divide. However, over time Israeli politics has seen a proliferation of religious parties, gaining further leverage as king brokers in forming governments due to the proportionate representation voting system which secular Israelis not uncommonly view as political blackmail. (Author is an Israeli American lawyer academically qualified in British and in U.S.A. law, and a graduate of the School of Oriental & African Studies, London. He is a Jewish believer in Jesus and is currently based in Israel).
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By Mea Fredrickson June 23, 2026
New Paragraph
By David Passmore June 22, 2026
THE CAPTION AT THE HEAD OF THE POSTER IMAGE FOR THE MOVIE ‘DISCLOSURE DAY’ BOLDLY DECLARES ‘WE DESERVE TO KNOW’ Indeed, we do need to know the truth. But will we find it in Stephen Spielberg’s new movie ‘Disclosure Day’? Could it just as well be entitled ‘DECEPTION DAY’? In an interview with USA Today Spielberg says that evidence of non-human contact has become “overwhelming” to him. He has suggested that his film could raise significant theological questions for Christians. But will it? For us Christians - No, not on our watch! The movie raises no questions for those who accept the proven accuracy of God’s Word, the Bible. The film, which is capturing the imagination of the public, only confirms exactly what scripture tells us about what are in fact extra-dimensional beings. ALIENS OR FALLEN ANGELS? God inhabits the heavenly realm along with a vast array of angels. Because Lucifer, a created angel, wanted to usurp God as ruler of the universe, he was expelled to another realm outside of our time and space, along with one third of the angels who rebelled with him. These fallen angels manifest themselves as demons who can appear on earth and disappear at will. Spiritual hosts of wickedness exist in heavenly places, wherever this realm is, it is not the place where God dwells. ARE ALIENS BENEVOLENT? In the movie, the ‘aliens’ are portrayed as friendly beings who want to help mankind in a time of crisis. If the aliens are really demons, not visitors from outer space, this is a dangerous delusion. Whitley Striber in his book ‘Communion’ writes on encountering ‘aliens’; ‘I felt an indescribable sense of menace. Whatever was there seemed so monstrously ugly, so filthy, so dark and sinister. Of course they were demons. They have to be.’ Many others have reported similar malevolent experiences. During the movie, Daniel claims to have had an encounter with extra-terrestrials during which he received a special gift of empathy, which is regarded by him as the ultimate superpower. However, there is only One who completely understands our human frailty. We read this concerning Jesus: ‘For we do not have a high priest who is unable to empathise with our weaknesses, but we have one who has been tempted in every way, just as we are - yet he did not sin.’ (Hebrews 4 v 15). Jesus said: “Come to me, all you who are weary and burdened, and I will give you rest.” (Matthew 11 v 28) END TIMES DECEPTION Before he was crucified, Jesus warned his disciples about these last days in which we are living. The first words he used in this context were: “Watch no one deceives you. For many will come in my name saying, ‘I am the Christ,’ and will deceive many.” Deception was top of the list! Later, the Apostle Paul wrote about these days: ‘The coming of the lawless one is according to the working of Satan, with all power, signs, and lying wonders, and with all unrighteous deception among those who perish, because they did not receive the love of the truth, that they might be saved.’ (2 Thessalonians 2 v 9) Have you received the love of the truth? Have you received Jesus who is the way, the truth and the life? If not, you are in great danger. Perilous times are here and they are only going to get worse as man turns more and more away from his maker. Things will only change when Jesus returns soon to establish his own Kingdom on earth, where justice and peace will rule. JESUS, OUR ONLY HOPE! The Bible says all human beings are sinners. The message of Jesus is simple; repent and believe the good news, that God wants humanity, his highest creation, to be reestablished in relationship with him. His plan was simple: to give his life in unconditional love for every human being that has and ever will live, by shedding his blood on a Roman cross. In doing this, we can receive forgiveness of sins. Our old life will then be buried with him, giving us new life with the hope of an eternal future of true peace, love and joy, with freedom from pain and tears. Why ignore such a great gift of salvation? If you do, your fate will be sealed for eternity in hell, which is a real place without God, and thus without love, to face only eternal consequences of punishment. We condemn ourselves to such a fate. REPENT AND BELIEVE THE GOSPEL BEFORE IT’S TOO LATE! Jesus loves you and asks that you repent and believe in him. It would be the best and safest decision of your life! If you commit your life to him, he will give you a new heart, you will be a new person inside. You will also gain a new desire for all that is right and true. And his Holy Spirit will give you an ability to discern the lies of the age we are living in. ‘For God so loved the world, that he gave us his only son, that whosoever believes in him, will not perish, but have eternal life.’ (John 3:16) FINALLY, A RECOMMENDATION  All that is described in this leaflet has been open, in the light for millennia. On the other hand, the theory of extra-terrestrial life has been hidden in darkness, awaiting ‘Disclosure Day’. Which would you prefer to believe, the Word of God, or the word of Stephen Spielberg? I made my choice years ago, and have never regretted it! If this message has spoken to you, just call upon Jesus in a short prayer. Confess to him that you are a sinner in need of salvation. Ask him in sincerity to forgive you and to fill you with his Holy Spirit. You will then become what the Bible describes as being ‘born again’. (John 3 v 7) Then you need to seek a Bible believing church where you can be baptised and become part of a group of believers who can help you get to know Jesus more and more fully. “And you shall know the truth, and the truth shall make you free” (John 8 v 32)
By David Passmore June 20, 2026
Prayer request for Teerth Sond Petitioned Prayer-Supplication/Personal Prayer/ Collective Prayer/Thanks Giving Prayer Our Dear brethren in Yeshua, my family & myself Teerth request your prayers in The Spirit that the latest drugs Ramicirumab & Pacilitaxel will destroy the cancer cell in the Authority Of The Lord Yeshua in The Power of The Holy Spirit. Targeted Petition: Please stand with us in prayer & fasting; The Lord will target the 2cm legion & that it will be cast out of my Liver in the love (agape), compassion, kindness, grace, mercy of God. I do not deserve it because of me- but By His Stripes we are healed for His Glory. This will allow the main operation to go ahead (which should have been done 18 months ago). Step by Step in the leading of The Holy Spirit and the in the Lord Step by Step, as our beautiful sister Beryl said, has worked on my Spiritual man- thank you Lord for waking me up. Lord raise me up for your glory forever because of your love to me, the family & fellowship- an unworthy sinner saved by your grace & love. Email sent to my Oncologist & my Local MP: Greetings Natasha & Dr Mano Joseph Hope All Is Well Thank you for our meeting today. At our meeting we discussed my MRI & CT scans which were done in May 2026. We discussed the operation on my oesophagus which I believe is the best option. (This should have been done 18 months ago). My Kidney operation will be done- non evasive- Lord willing within the next month. Will you be talking to Mr Chacravaty about this? The liver must be targeted first- this is wisdom and the latest radiotherapy treatments available- proton therapy-radiotherapy atezolizumab and bevacizumab sorafenib lenvatinib regorafenib cabozantinib durvalumab and tremelimumab At the meeting we discussed the next CT & MRI scans to be held end off July. Wouldn't it be to better to have them in August so by then I've had 4 full treatments on the latest medication. Also we have Zolbetuximab on compassionate usage- all glory to The Lord. After all the past wrongs I have no doubt now Dr Joseph you will pursue the best for me and family. Dear brethren- King Manasseh, David, Hannah, The Church For Peter, James, The Lord Jesus Christ for example made petitions onto the Lord. We pray as one body to cast off the illness in the Power of The Holy & The Authority Of Yeshua. The Great Physician who came for the ill. To lay out raised hands 🙌🏽 upon the head of our Lord. ABBA/Daddy/Lord in your mercy have mercy on us. Love you all in Yeshua our Lord & God. Teerth, Family & Fellowship
By David Passmore June 19, 2026
The End of an Extended Honeymoon – Are Trump and Netanyahu Parting Ways? Rubin Rothler LLB, LLM  The Israeli public had high hopes for Trump. Unlike his predecessors, he consistently endorsed Israeli measures of self-defence in the different theatres of conflict in which it had to contend. Further to these ends Trump shared in Netanyahu’s determined agenda of preventing the Iranians from pursuing the proliferation of nuclear weapons. During Trump's first term he tore up Obama's negotiated settlement with the Iranians concerning enriched Uranium, echoing Netanyahu’s position that it didn't go far enough. Now in his second term Trump partnered with Israel in a war with Iran that turned out to lack clearly defined goals. The campaign required resolve on the part of America that it wasn't willing to commit. After an initial lightning blitzkrieg that decapitated the Iranian leadership, the Persians dug in and the conflict became a protracted war of attrition hinging on Iran's stranglehold on the straits of Hormuz that could only be realistically lifted by placing boots on the ground or an intensified air war directed against Iranian coastal positions and the destruction of Kharg island, or at least the viable threat to obliterate Kharg island if Iran did not acquiesce. It transpired that Trump and Netanyahu underestimated the resilience of the Iranian regime, thinking that it had already received a near mortal blow during the prior popular demonstrations. So now we are left with a situation where Trump is exasperated with this protracted endeavour and appears to be aiming his frustration towards Netenyahu. A sticking point is Israel's continued occupation of Southern Lebanon. Iran is insistent that Israel withdraw its forces from there as a precursor to fully committing itself to a final status agreement with the U.S. to put an end to its nuclear aspirations. With the midterm elections looming Trump seems to be desperate for an exit strategy from this war. From Israel's perspective the fight against Hizbollah is an inextricable part of the Iranian equation. The IDF has invested massive resources and personnel in the hopes of quashing the Iranian proxy once and for all. Netanyahu is determined to build on the momentum achieved after the spectacular pager attack in 2024. After the catastrophic Hamas massacres of October 7th, the majority of the Israeli public is unwilling to tolerate a capable hostile force on its borders. Trump's proposed solution to this dilemma unrealistically suggests that Syria should take on the role of disarming and removing Hizbollah from Lebanon. In the ultimate reckoning of international relations, America doesn't have iron clad allies, but rather interests like any other nation. If, (as appears to be occurring now) U.S. and Israeli interests fail to align the two countries will cease to act in unison and there may be a rupture in relations on the not-too-distant horizon. Trump has indicated that Israel owes him big time. He has asserted that were it not for his decisive actions they would have been obliterated by Iran's missiles. This is nothing to say of the robust diplomatic support Trump has lent Israel in such forums as the United Nations Security Council and sanctioning officials of the International Criminal Court. Netanyahu is acutely aware of what may be next after Trump. The way public opinion is turning against Israel it is unlikely that the next administration is going to be any way near as friendly as Trump has been thus far to Israel. Trump too of course is mindful of this turning tide opposing Israel. The Iran war has been unpopular to his domestic audience, and the President has been caricatured as Netanyahu’s stooge doing Israel's bidding. Another major consideration for Trump is the colossal impact that the war has had on his other major regional allies: the Gulf States and Saudi Arabia. They have received the brunt of the Iranian backlash that has effectively targeted their energy infrastructure and trading routes. They, along with the Europeans have been exerting pressure on Trump to end the conflict and reopen the Straits of Hormuz regardless of whether the most favourable terms of Iranian capitulation are achieved. Israel, however important a strategic asset and technological powerhouse will not override these broader concerns that are endangering global energy markets. An unspoken factor is Trump's propensity for a belligerent severing of his relationship with allies in the political sphere. His public displays of hostility with former political allies such Senator Ted Cruz, Governor Ron Santos and Elon Musk demonstrate a temperament that the same kind of falling out could invoke with strategic allies as well as those political. Both Trump and Netanyahu are approaching the sunset of their political careers and are naturally inclined to deeply consider the legacies they will leave behind. In the international sphere Trump projected himself as a peacemaker from a position of strength. But as many commentators have pointed out, the war with Iran demonstrated the limits of U.S. power. Trump appraised Iran as low hanging fruit that could be swiftly toppled like Venezuela. However, when push came to shove and the only prospect of landing a decisive blow demanded a massive ground offensive on the scale of the Iraq war, he bottled out and sued for a premature peace that will leave Netanyahu in the cold. Netanyahu is anxious to rehabilitate the injury inflicted on his reputation of the greatest disaster to have occurred in Israel's history having happened on his watch. Eliminating Iran as the great regional adversary pulling the strings of its proxies would have done much in this regard. Neither leader is able to craft their legacies as they would have wanted. Trump is choosing the perceived option of mitigating the damage done to his legacy in foreign affairs. He is trying hard to sell his Iran deal as being more than what Obama bargained in terms of guaranteeing a nuclear free Iran. But as further details of his proposal are leaked this is becoming a tall order. Netanyahu is faced with October elections and he may decide to stay the course in Lebanon as otherwise he will seem weak to most voters. Should this happen, we will be in uncharted waters as it will thwart Trump's designs for an immediate end to this affair.